A discussion of the eruption Mt. Helena in 1980
A discussion of the eruption Mt. Helena in 1980 Over the past fifteen years substantial developments have been made within high magnitude-low frequency volcanology. It is now becoming increasingly possible to predict an eruption; to understand the processes of eruptions and to develop relevant responses and adjustment programmes (Chester 1993, McCall 1992, White 1972). Yet, regardless of this there are problems. Although science has developed new prediction methods, the accuracy of these is hard to judge, as despite frequent high magnitude-low frequency eruptions during the holocene, they are now relatively rare, thus making adjustment programmes problematic. Volcanologists have however, decided upon two types of programmes (McCall 1992). Firstly, predicting the volcano's future eruptions, carried out through studying past behaviour and secondly, setting up permanent monitoring systems allowing for rapid detection of new seismic activity. General global programmes cannot be augmented however, but, in the aftermath of an eruption the responses and adjustment made can be assessed and can be used as guidelines for future high magnitude-low frequency volcanic areas. The Mount Saint Helens' eruption was one of high magnitude-low frequency and consequently other countries have turned to the responses and adjustments made by Washington State to develop their own programmes. This
A map projection is a systematic representation.
1. Attempt a classification of Map Projections and write the merits and demerits of any Two of the following map projections: a. Bonne's b. Mercator's c. Mollweides MAP PROJECTION: A map projection is a systematic representation of the parallels of latitude and the meridians of longitude of the spherical surface of the earth on a plane surface. In other words, it is a method of representing the parallels and the meridians of the earth on a plane surface. The network of the parallels and the meridians so formed is called a graticule. On our earth resembles a sphere. Therefore, a globe being spherical in shape represents the earth truly. Thus a globe is a true representation of the earth. In other words, a globe is true map of the earth. Since a map represents a flat surface and a globe a spherical surface, the shape of the network of the parallels and the meridians on a map is always different from that on a globe. There are a number of methods of transferring the parallels and the meridians of a globe on a plane surface, i.e., constructing map projections. The shape of the network of the parallels and meridians drawn by one method differs from that by the other methods. Therefore, there is a great variety of graticules. A variety in the graticules is necessary to meet various
Global Environmental Change
GEOG 106: Global Environmental Change Due Friday, 28 April, 2006 Essay 1 "What I put into the atmosphere affects you: what you put into the atmosphere affects me." NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC Explain what is meant by a 'biogeochemical cycle', and use examples to illustrate the main processes that occur within them, particularly in relation to their importance for global environmental change. The Blue Marble (NASA 2002) Introduction In this essay the Earth's biogeochemical cycle will be presented as a closed system that exists with finite resources. The parts of the biogeochemical cycle to be described are the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere; and their dynamic series of complex exchanges. Natural processes inside the biogeochemical cycle shall be identified. Global environmental change will be examined as the ongoing transformation over time of the worlds land surfaces, water, the atmosphere, (in terms of its chemical makeup, temperature fluctuations and climate change), and the responding flora and fauna adaptations. The links between changes in the biogeochemical cycle and global environmental change will be explored, citing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and subsequent warming, and ozone depletion. Finally, reference will be made to the impact of human activities, such as industrialisation and deforestation, on the biogeochemical cycles
Volcanism throughout the solar system.
AA2281 Exploring the Solar System Assessment F: Volcanism throughout the solar system "Volcanism is one of the major processes, whereby a planet transfers heat produced in its interior outward to the surface" (Encyclopedia of the solar system).Volcanism is part of the process of bringing material up from the deep interior of a planet and spilling it forth on the surface where it cools and becomes solid. At least three quarters of the surface rocks on earth and Venus can be attributed to volcanic activity. There are two styles of volcanic activity explosive or effusive. Explosive is when magma is disrupted into fragments which are called pyroclasts by the expansion of exsolved gases. Effusive eruption is when magma escapes through a vent, there is no significant disruption, but a lava flow is formed. To understand the volcanic processes of the earth the products of volcanic activity have been studied under a wide range of environmental conditions such as gravity and atmospheric pressure. There are quite a few other planets which have volcanoes on the surface, including Venus, Mars, and Jupiter's moon Io. Other planets exhibit the results of volcanic activity. These include Mercury, the Earth's Moon, Jupiter's moon Europa, and perhaps Neptune's moon Triton. Planetary bodies, like Jupiter's moon Europa also exhibit icy volcanism where water takes the place of lava. Eruptions
The societal impacts from the eruption of Mount Saint Helens May 18th, 1980
Case Study: The societal impacts from the eruption of Mount Saint Helens May 18th, 1980 Benjamin Sellers Due: 11-26-02 GG. 300 Preface Location: Washington, United States Latitude: 46.20 N Longitude: 122.18 W Height: 2,549 meters or 8,364 feet - 9,677 feet before May 18, 1980 Type: Stratovolcano The problem with volcanic eruptions has to do with there unpredictability and overall capability. A volcano is very unpredictable, even when it is heavily monitored there is no sure way to predict an exact time, however the field of volcanology is advancing in technology and knowledge to aid in this problem. Also, the capability of a volcano when compared to other natural disasters is very subtle and versatile. The versatility of destruction ranges from an eruption to a mudflow or from a landslide to ash plumes large enough to carry ash massive distances which in turn creates many other of its own significant problems. The subtle capability of volcano lies in its unpredictability, like only being able to make an educated guess for an eruption time it is even a greater challenge to predict the times and geometric characteristics of its secondary effects. This next information may be unrelated preliminary information, to the specific impact of Mt. St. Helens but it is an absolute necessity that the uneducated individual becomes educated; this is the best defense against an
geohazards the kashmiri earthquake 2005
Despite an increasing vulnerability to geological hazards, some countries are not fully aware of the risk they face or the feasibility of hazard mitigation measures. The societal impacts of geohazards are enormous, every year volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides and subsidence claim thousands of lives globally, injure thousands more, destroy homes and livelihoods. Landslides are on of the most widespread and undervalued natural hazards on earth (Natural Hazards. 2002). The reason they have less of an attraction is that the most common types of landslides, particularly those in richer countries pose little threat to human life. Whilst landslides may have less of an impact on life in richer countries, in an unprepared, poorer country the impact on life and property can be devastating. The 2005 Kashmir earthquake triggered several thousand landslide events in the mountainous regions surrounding Muzaffarabad. The movements were mainly rock falls and debris falls (Kamp, U, 2008) although transitional rock and debris slides also occurred. In addition a sturzstrom (debris avalanche) buried four villages. Although the earthquake caused most of the total deaths, the sequence of events led to the landslides severely hampering relief efforts up to months after the initial tremors. It is estimated that the total deaths caused by the landslides in the Kashmir 2005 quake exceeds 1000
The shapes and forms of volcanoes
The shapes and forms of volcanoes "A volcanic cone is the result of the accumulation of ejected material around a vent", and many different shapes can be identified. It is thought that there is somewhere in the region of 600 active volcanoes (erupted in the last 25,000 years ) currently on land or exposed above the sea on islands, with many more extinct ones, but this is nothing compared to the number of submarine volcanoes under the oceans. There is more than 50,000 under the Pacific alone ( Summerfield, 1990 ). The location of volcanoes is not random, almost all are found at plate boundaries where new crust is either created or destroyed. The actual form of the volcano differs from one place to another, and they can be classified by two separate factors, the shape of the volcano, or the type of eruption that led to its formation. In this essay, I plan to concentrate on the former of these two things, and look at how the shape of a volcano differs, along with what causes it to do so in each case. The main factors important in volcano form include: the shape of the vent, the number of eruptions from a single vent, the surface environment around the vent, how viscous the magma is, the nature of the eruptive activity, the time between eruptions, and the volume of erupted material. Shield volcanoes are some of the largest volcanic structures on the planet, the absolute height
The igneous rocks of north-east England
The igneous rocks of north-east England The area of north-east England, east of the Pennines and between the Scottish border to the north and Teesside to the south has a variety of igneous rocks of different ages, and in this essay I will try to describe the major types that are found, concentrating on the Whin Sill, the Cheviots, and the Weardale Granite in particular, but also commenting on other igneous rocks of the region. I have included a map of the area to show the main bands of igneous rock. The main igneous rock of the north-east is the Great Whin Sill, the largest hypabyssal intrusion in Britain which was intruded approximately 295 million years ago. As the name suggests, it is an example of a common concordant intrusion known as a sill, and the whole Whin Sill complex is a number of lenses of differing thicknesses linked together at depth. The sill sweeps in an arc around the Cheviots and forms many of the most recognisable geological features of north-east England, the best known perhaps being the north facing scarp in Northumberland upon which part of Hadrian's Wall stands. The Farne Islands are part of the sill, as are the crags at Bamburgh, which are home to the castle. The coastline between Dunstanburgh and Cullernose Point, as well as the rock that leads to High Force waterfall in Co. Durham are also parts of the Whin Sill. The Whin Sill has a total area of
Discuss the following within the context of quaternary environmental change: 1). Biological proxies2). Milankovitch cycles3). Reconstruction of former ice flow directions
Discuss the following within the context of quaternary environmental change: ). Biological proxies 2). Milankovitch cycles 3). Reconstruction of former ice flow directions. There are approximately six main proxy sources of data which are used to reconstruct the quaternary environments. Included in the list is 'glaciology', 'geology and geomorphology', 'archaeology' and 'biology and biogeography'. The latter can be split into two sub-categories: Continental biology such as tree rings, insects, plant micro/macro fossils and vertebrate fossils and Marine biology which comprises primarily of diatoms, coral reefs and foraminifera. Plant remains provide major source of information on environmental change. Macrofossils of plant remains such as leaves can be acknowledged in sedimentary deposits. They are primarily used to reconstruct local communities such as wetlands. Microfossils such as fungal spores and pollen, with the use of a microscope, can also be identified. Palynology (the study of pollen) is another source of reconstructing environments, for example the research undertaken by Moar and Suggate (1979) on the West Coast of New Zealand. Pollen grains are highly resistant to decomposition, thus some are preserved in sediments and become fossilised. The extraction, identification and counting of preserved pollen grains has provided much information on the
The Role of Wnt Signalling in Neural Crest Development.
UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA School of Biological Sciences NAME: ...Noel Slattery.................. SCHOOL: ...BIO... YEAR: ......2........ UNIT NUMBER: ...BIO-...2B06...,........ UNIT ORGANISER: ...Jelena Garilovic..... ASSIGNMENT e.g. essay/prac report/review: ...essay............. ASSIGNMENT MARKER (if different from Unit Organiser): ....Grant Wheeler............. GUIDELINE FOR LENGTH (no. of words or sides): ...1500/2000............. ACTUAL LENGTH (no. of words or sides): ...1663............ (You should be aware that work that significantly exceeds the guideline length is most unlikely to gain extra marks by so doing) DATE DUE IN: ......21/03/03.................. DATE HANDED IN: ...24/03/03............ PLAGIARISM AND COLLUSION Definition of plagiarism: To take or to use another person's thoughts, ideas and/or writing in such a way as to give the impression that it is your own work. Definition of collusion: A form of plagiarism involving at least two people both with the intent to deceive. (For full details of the University's policy, see Appendix A of the BIO Students' Guide) I (please print your name) ............Noel Slattery................... have read and understood the above definitions. I certify that the assignment which I am submitting, entitled ..............The role of Wnt signalling in neural crest formation.................... is my own work