Choose two criminological theories and critically assess their usefulness in enhancing our understanding of one of the following (a) youth crime (b) gender and crime or (c) race(TM) and crime.(TM)
'Choose two criminological theories and critically assess their usefulness in enhancing our understanding of one of the following (a) youth crime (b) gender and crime or (c) 'race' and crime.' Words - 1, 583 Danielle Mc Fall The purpose of this assignment is to develop a greater understanding of the topic Gender and Crime. To gather this information the assignment will be investigating both Biological and Feminist theories in relation to Gender and Crime. The biological theory will investigate the works of Lombroso, William Shedons and other genetic hypothesises, while the Feminist theory will focus on why the feminist theory was introduced, the differences between criminologists understanding of female criminal behaviour and the problems in studying gender in relation to crime. An explanation for criminal behaviour has been studied since the early 17th century through the works of Beccaria and Betham in the famous Classical theory to the sociological theories of the present day. In this assignment biological and feminist theories will be the main focus in relation to Gender and Crime. Biological theorists and theories concentrate on the relationship between biology and crime. One of the first theorists to develop this concept was an Italian prison psychiatrist called Cesare Lombroso. His ideas where very much influenced by the work of Charles Darwin,
What are the aims of the Youth Justice System in England and Wales. How did they come about and how effectively are they being met? Discuss
An aim can be defined as "to direct (one's efforts); to intend". This paper will examine how the publication of 'Misspent Youth' by the Audit Commission (AC 1996), brought about a radical overhaul of the Youth Justice System (YJS) in England and Wales, when it was met by the Home Offices' (HO) White Paper, 'No More Excuses' (HO 1997). This essay will not only address what new aims were created by the White Paper, but also how effectively these aims are being met through both legislative, and non-legislative changes. 'Misspent Youth' outlined proposals to make the YJS more efficient. This was met by 'No More Excuses', which set the basis for the Government's programme of reform for the YJS, to be taken forward by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 ('the 1998' act). In the preface, the Home Secretary stated that the principle aim of the YJS was to prevent offending (this includes re-offending). This was met by 'the 1998' act which enforced it as a statutory aim. To meet this principle aim 'the 1998' act imposed a duty on all agencies and individuals working in the YJS to have regard to it, in addition to their other duties. To ensure this occurred, the duty was also enforced by non-statutory objectives, built on the proposals of the Youth Justice Task Force. 'No more Excuses' (HO 1997) proposed that to meet the statutory aim of preventing offending, the factors closely linked
Comparative report. Topic suicide
Suicide is a significant cause of death in most countries, in some cases there are more deaths than car accidents in a year. Most countries spend huge amounts of money to ensure road safety, but only few are appointed by the suicide and ways to prevent them, as well as teaching people how to solve their problems. So why today so many people do not want to live? Suicide occurs in persons of all ages and backgrounds. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts are often a sign that the person is unable to cope with the unbearable emotional pain, which may be due to various reasons like traumatic and distressing events, specific life situation or depression. People who want to commit a suicide often feel terribly isolated and for their suffering they fail to think about the people who can help them. Today suicide issue is a huge and increasing problem and it is crucial to try and figure out main suicide causes and what certain groups of people are at increased risk for suicide attempts. In this comparative report I will try to compare two different types of articles: newspaper article and a research paper. They both are discussing topic of suicide. I will summarize both articles and then I will compare and evaluate both of them and draw a conclusion. Firstly I will present newspaper article 'Suicides on the rail network rose last year, say Samaritans' (A. Hill, 08.09.2010). Newspaper
A critical analysis of the barriers faced by young
'A critical analysis of the barriers faced by young Muslims living in the UK' This assignment aims to investigate whether young Muslims living in the UK are faced with a number of social barriers that may have an effect and influence in the way they behave, live and think in this society. The study is based on a comprehensive review of literature dealing the inequalities faced by Muslims in the UK. It will analyse the concept of what it means to be British and how young Muslims are faced with dilemmas that may effect The assignment will look at the specific inequalities that Muslims are faced with living in the UK. The areas of inequality that will be looked at range from the education, employment and housing aspect. I will discuss in detail how Muslims feel and view the way they are discriminated against and excluded from participating or contributing within these areas. I argue that it is important to understand the situation of people from a holistic perspective so by understanding this in totality, one can then appreciate why people act, behave and think in a certain way. The assignment will therefore discuss how Muslims feel victims of exclusion and how they experience discrimination in society. In recent years, there has been a great concern about the discrimination that occurs against individuals and organisations from a number of religious backgrounds in the UK
Literature Review - Male Rape.
Cri 204 Assignment two Helen Telfer Literature Review Male Rape For this second assignment I have been asked to produce a literature review in which I critically analyse the research in area covered in one of the lectures. The review should show that I have studied existing research within the field with insight. My chosen area of interest is male rape. I have chosen this topic as I feel it would be an interesting topic to explore. The literature I will be looking at is mainly from the United Kingdom but also from the United States of America. I will use sources such as academic textbooks, lecture notes and Internet sources. Literature on male rape is few and far between as before early studies show they tended to focus on female rape, it is only in the past 7 years that male rape has become more common. (Chesters 1998) From just looking at the various pieces of literature I have gathered I can say quite early on in this review that not a lot of it focus on male rape. I looked at Allen (2002) who had already written a literature review on male rape and she highlights various different flaws within the literature explored. First theme that was made apparent, 'rape has been a major concern of the feminist movement since it's revival in the late 1960's' (Allen 2002) Rape was considered as a female attack and that it was only them who suffered at the arms of a
The Growing Realisation of the Importance of Placing Victims at the Heart of the Criminal Justice System is Long Overdue. Discuss.
The Growing Realisation of the Importance of Placing Victims at the Heart of the Criminal Justice System is Long Overdue. Discuss. This essay is going to discuss the victim's current place within the criminal justice system and whether they are treated fairly within the criminal justice process. In order to do this, this essay is going to look at the history of the victims roles within the criminal justice system and its processes and compare this to their present day role. This essay is also going to look at how their rights and needs have changed over time and if they really benefit the victims. Firstly in order to discuss the victim's roles and rights, the term victim needs to be defined, but defining a victim is just as complicated as defining a criminal act, in being that there is no true definition. This is down to there being various different aspects contributing towards a victim's status, such as sociological, psychological and political aspects, 'victims' themselves may not even want to define themselves as a victim (Digan, 2005, p13). For the argument of this essay a victim can be defined as "a person who suffers physical, emotional, and financial harm because of a illegal activity" (Karman, 2007, p383), therefore being a victim includes more than just the person who was targeted by an offender, it also can include their family, their friends, and any witnesses.
Discuss how criminal laws which prohibit drug use are about power, control and contradiction.
Discuss how criminal laws which prohibit drug use are about power, control and contradiction. Drug use within the UK has become the normal thing to do within some crowds of people although most people do not understand what policies the government have tried to implement in order to try and control the drug problem that exists. For example out of the 2640 drug poisoning deaths in the UK in 2007, 829 of these involved opiates such as heroin and morphine. This is a startling amount considering these kinds of drugs are illegal within the UK. In order to come to some conclusions on this discussion I am going to look at the history of opium trade and the policies which the government brought in to try and tackle the problem which this trading had caused. I will pay close attention to conflicts between doctors and government officials leading up to the Rolleston Committee being formed which set out protocols for issuing drugs to addicts. I will then explain the current law relating to drugs and then come to some conclusions on my findings. Even since the early 1700's the government's norm towards new products being brought into the UK was taxation rather than prohibition. This was the case with drugs such as tobacco, chocolate and opium as they realised that these were addictive substances which people in the UK and abroad would always want. Rowntree (1905: 285) and Owen
Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of youth justice policies in England and Wales since 1997
Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of youth justice policies in England and Wales since 1997 Introduction When Labour took office in 1997 they claimed that they would be tough on crime and the causes of crime. The first 6 months were unprecedented, with six consultation documents being released on youth and crime each containing its own proposals these were first published in Tackling Youth Crime, Reforming Youth Justice (Labour 1996). To start this essay I will first discuss Labours 1997 White Paper, No more excuses: A new approach to tackling youth crime in England and Wales, where policy was laid out and then later legislated in The Crime and Disorder Act 1998. From this I will evaluate the weaknesses and strengths of the various elements of this policy which will include the aims of the youth justice system. Then in the second part move to evaluate the abolition of the doli incapax, the reparation order and parenting order. Thirdly I will evaluate the child safety order, local child curfew, final warning scheme, action plan order. The fourth part will be an evaluation of the detention and training order and new arrangements for secure remands of 12-16 year olds. And finally the establishment of the Youth Justice Board for England and Wales, Youth Offending Teams and the duties of the local authorities and other agencies to make sure the availability of the appropriate
Personality & Attitudes on Revenge in the General Population of Scotland
Personality & Attitudes on Revenge in the General Population of Scotland. Fantasies vary from person to person and are dependent on psychological condition. In a clinical population fantasies tend to last longer than in non-clinical populations. Although overall each fantasy has been reported to last relatively short periods of time, the frequency of which they occur is usually the factor that determines whether they are of concern or not (Gellerman and Suddath, 2005). There seems to be a limited quantity of research available on the general understanding of this topic however the literature that does exist appears to focus on three particular areas, sustaining fantasies - as a means of coping with painful and stressful situations in the general population but particularly in the clinical population (Zelin, Bernstein, Heijn, Jampel, Myerson, Adler, Buie & Rizzuto, 1983; Harder & Zelin, 1984; Greenwald & Harder, 1994; Greenwald & Harder, 1995 & Greenwald and Harder, 1997); aggressive fantasies - for pleasure or satisfaction in the general population but more often than not habitually involuntary for the clinical population and generally violent, sexual and sadistic in nature (Gellerman & Suddath, 2005; Egan & Campbell, 2009 & Selby, Anestis & Joiner (2007), and finally, revenge fantasies - concerning those who have experienced trauma (Mardi & Harowitz, 2007). In search of
Policing of Industrial Action in Australia
Throughout history, protests in Australian have been controlled in many different ways by respective police forces. History suggests that the police in industrial disputes in Australia are not politically neutral and consistently take the side of the employer and the government. This will be critically accessed and examples will be looked at to support the fact that while traditionally police have taken the side of employers in today's modern world the police are acting more and more as neutral bodies in industrial disputes by keeping the peace. First, the Clunes riot will be looked at in which we will see an obvious side with the employer also seen in the 1928 waterfront dispute, which will follow. The APPM dispute will then be looked at followed by the 1998 waterfront dispute and it will be seen that policing of industrial disorder has in fact changed and policed are acting more as neutral peacekeepers. The role the police in controlling unlawful behaivour on a picket line has never has been clearly defined. For the same reason, which makes courts reluctant to interfere with industrial disputes the police, have been reluctant to appear to be siding with one side or the other even in circumstances of clearly unlawful behaivour. (Willis 2000:133) In December 1873 however, armed police intervened in an industrial dispute at Lothair Mine Clunes to assist in breaking the strike.