Migration: Russia
Migration: Russia Since the liberalisation of Russia from the control of the Soviet Union there have been several new trends in the form of major migration streams. The first of these is the migration of some of the countries brightest and most skilled workers travelling to the west. The second is and influx of Russian speakers, ethnic Russians and other from the former Soviet Union. And the next is the depopulation of Siberia and the Far East. There are several reasons for these migration trends. A push factor affecting the migration into Russia is ethnic violence and regional conflict. This violence has a negative affect on a countries economics and has caused economic declines. There is always a risk of injury and loss in times of war, this push people towards migration. Armenians and Georgians moved in significant numbers due to violence during the post-Soviet period in their countries. Large numbers of people entered Russia as "forced migrants." This term refers to people who moved to Russia not out of choice but by necessity, and have been given citizenship, migrants without citizenship a labelled as refugees. At the end of 2000, there were 667,000 persons registered as refugees or forced migrants from the former Soviet Union states and 9,710 refugees from non-FSU states. Most forced migrants arrived from either Central Asia or the Caucasus, including about 600,000
Russia Revolution
The Russia Revolution was a true political revolution. By this I mean there was a fundamental change in the way leaders came into power and in the goals for the country. In theory, leadership changed from a monarchy to socialism. The goals for the country changed from ownership and control of wealth was by few to control by the proletariat (the workers). In reality the change of leadership and the control of wealth and production was controlled by the Communist Party. The Russia Revolution really started with theory of communism created by Karl Marx and published in Capital. In this publication Marx stated that the value of all production is in the value of the labor not the value of ownership. By this he meant that private ownership was wrong and that everything should be owned by the workers or proletariat. This inspired revolutionary leaders in Russia especially Lenin. However, Karl Marx had predicted that the communist revolution would start in a heavily industrialized country like Germany or England. The surprise was that it started in the least, Russia. Russia was the least industrialized and the most backward of the major European countries. For instance, it had 4 times the population of England but only 25% of its electrical consumption. Russia also lacked capital for investment and building and had to rely on foreign investment. This meant that Russia had a very
Russia - Stalin
Russia Coursework a) Explain Trotsky's contribution to the success of the Bolsheviks up to 1922 The Bolsheviks were the majority party for the communists. After the Bolsheviks overthrew the government in October 1917, they managed to hold on to power by winning the civil war; which was started because other parties demanded a share in government; however the Bolshevik leaders wanted to govern alone. Leon Trotsky was a War Commissar and organized the Red Army using ex-Tsarist officers to train and lead soldiers. He took officers' families hostage to ensure loyalty, and assigned a political commissar to each unit to help secure the loyalty of the officers. Trotsky kept up morale, however he was very ruthless in his discipline and he often used the death penalty; however this contributed to the excellent performance of the Red Army. Trotsky was a superb organiser and a great orator, her was popular with the youth and committed communists and had strong military support. He was a very intelligent man and used his knowledge to organise the Red Army. In doing this, the Civil War was won, because of Trotsky's tactical ability, the army was strong enough to defeat the Whites and therefore stay in power. Had it not been for the discipline within the army, using ex-Tsarist officers, the war could have easily been lost due to poor defence. Though there were other factors that helped
History: Russia
Explain why Stalin and not Trotsky emerged as Lenin's successor There are many reasons why Stalin emerged as Lenin's successor instead of Trotsky and some are more significant than others. Personality wise, Stalin was politically cunning whilst Trotsky was arrogant and uninspiring. At the time of Lenin's death, Stalin was in a very powerful position as General Secretary of the Communist Party. He controlled party membership and appointments to key positions within the communist party. He was also head of Central Commission, which gave him power to expel from Communist Party those who supported Trotsky. Stalin was extremely politically cunning; he played off different groups in the Communist Party against each other. Lenin's funeral is also an example of this. Trotsky was ill on the day of Lenin's funeral, but Stalin told him to rest as the funeral wasn't until later that week. This led people to believe that Trotsky couldn't be bothered to turn up and Stalin made a big speech where he praised Lenin and told everyone he was Lenin's disciple. This was not true. Stalin's policy of "Socialism in One Country" was much more popular than Trotsky's policies, "Permanent Revolution". Stalin's belief was that it was important to build up Russia's agricultural and industrial strength. He believed it was vital for Russia to become an established power before convincing other countres to
Russia Collectivisation
Q. Write a short note on collectivisation in Russia. Ans. Stalin's greatest objective was to reform the economy of the USSR in the 1930's. Russia at this point of time (1930's) was very backward. The country needed immediate attention with regard to its industrialization and modernization. Russia was far behind the Western countries in terms of the standard of living which existed in the country. So as to catch up with the West, he wanted to industrialize Russia. Industrialization would help create wealth in the society, as in and industrialized state the majority of the population are workers who earn a sustained income. It would also help make USSR less dependent on West manufactured goods, especially the heavy industrial plants that were needed for industrial production. Another important objective of Stalin's was to increase the country's military strength by providing huge quantities of weapons and munitions in order to prepare for the attack that he was convinced would occur in the near future. In order for industrialization to take place, Russia under Stalin adopted a policy which came to be known as the "New Economic Policy". Under this policy, industrialization depended heavily on agriculture. The only source left to generate enough wealth among the people was agriculture. Surplus grain was to be exported along with supporting the workforce in the cities by
Stalin's Russia
Garima Dalal Year 13 Stalin’s Russia Stalin means “Man of Steel” in Russian. Joseph Stalin was an enthusiastic defender of Lenin; he led many Marxist movements in Georgia and joined the Bolsheviks. His two main aims were: a command economy and a totalitarian system of government. Two of Stalin’s aims were to modernize Russia so that it could make up the 50 year gap in 10 years and to change the majority of the primary sector to secondary, make up the country’s industry. Stalin was afraid that the surrounding capitalist governments like the ones of Finland, Poland and Romania might attack Russia and that Russia might have nothing to defend itself with. That’s why he felt that there was an urgent need to build up the country’s supplies. According to Stalin, there had to be more workers working in the factories than in the farms so industrialization can take place quicker, however he also realized that there had to be plenty of food production to feed the workforce. Under Stalin’s rule, Russia’s economy was totally transformed. The central government made decisions and set targets for all the businesses but the goal was to exceed the targets rather than meeting them. The wages were paid in food rations so people knew they had to work to be able to eat. Some people were even killed by other workers who were jealous of the hard-working people. Only
Communist Russia
Urvi Mittal History Homework- Communist Russia . Write a brief note on the membership of the Provisional Government. Ans: The Provisional Government was formed on 2nd March after the February revolution in 1917. This government largely consisted of the leading figures of the liberal parties with the Kadets being in majority. Domination by the Kadets and their head too- Milyukov who later became Foreign Minister was prevalent in the Provisional Government. The later Minister of Justice, Alexander Kevetsky was also a part of the government and emerged to be a key player in the events that unfolded in 1917. The head of this Provisional government was Prince G.E. Lvov. The role of the Provisional Government was to run the country until a Constituent Assembly was elected. This government was not elected by the people but by a special committee of the Duma. 2. What were the main policies of the key players in March 1917? Ans: The key issues in March 1917 were war, land, social reform, national minorities and economy. The key players were the Liberals and the Socialists. The Kadets were committed to continuing the war on the side of Britain and France. They wanted post war help from the West for their democracy and to remain an important power internationally. The problem of land redistribution was to be sorted out by the elected Constituent Assembly. They also wanted
Russia, an overview.
Project Welcome to Russia! Contents: I. About Russia . State System of Russia II. About Moscow . General Information 2. Natural and Economic Resources 3. Science About Russia Russia was the largest Republic in the former USSR. But now it has become an independent State. It is situated in the Eastern part of Europe and in the Northern part of Asia. The country is washed by 12 seas and three oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic oceans. The seas are: the White Sea, the Barents Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea and others. The climate in Russia varies from arctic in the north to continental in the central part of the country and subtropical in the South. Winters are cold, windy and snowy, especially in the northern part of the country. The coldest point of the northern hemisphere, where temperatures are minus 70°C, is located in Siberia. Summers are hot and dry, especially in the South region of the country, in such cities like Sochi, Anapa and others. Autumn usually brings rains and fogs. The land of Russia varies from thick forests to barren deserts, from high peaked mountains to deep valleys. There are two Great Plains in Russia: they are the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Plain. There are some mountain chains. The biggest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia. In Asian part of Russia we can find
Russia 1905 - 1941
GCSE History Coursework Russia 1905 - 1941 . Compare the characters and beliefs of Lenin and Stalin. There were many similarities in both character and beliefs of both Lenin and Stalin. Some people may think that, just because they led Russia, they were both Russian. Lenin was a middle-class Russian who was well educated; he also wrote many influential books and thesis. However, Stalin was a vulgar, Georgian peasant. He was expelled from his college in 1899 after failing to take his exams. One thing that these men shared was their concern with the ideas of Karl Marx. In the early 1900's they were both exiled to Siberia until 1917, after the March revolution. These men are closely linked in the area of what they did, but in most cases they used it on different scales for different purposes. Labour camps were used by both of these powerful leaders, but for different reasons and there is also a huge difference on the scale on some of them. Lenin used labour camps for political prisoners. This was on a reasonably small scale in comparison with Stalin. Unlike Lenin, Stalin used his labour camps excessively. Opponents of the regime, political opposition and basically everyone who didn't agree with or abide by the laws set by Stalin were put in these camps. Both men used state terror. Again Lenin used it to ensure the revolution survived, where as Stalin used it for everyone who
Lenin- Russia
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov was born in Simbirsk on the Volga River on 22 April 1870 into a well educated family. He excelled at school and went on to study law. At university, he was exposed to radical thinking, and his views were also influenced by the execution of his elder brother, a member of a revolutionary group. He graduated from St Petersburg University after being expelled from Kazan University for his political beliefs. In 1891. He moved to St Petersburg and became a professional revolutionary. Like many of his colleagues, he was arrested and exiled to Siberia, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his Siberian exile, Lenin (the nickname he adopted in 1901) spent most of the decade and a half in Western Europe, where he emerged as a main figure in the international revolutionary movement and became the leader of the 'Bolshevik' faction of the Russian Social Democratic Worker's Party. In 1917, Russia was ripe for change. Assisted by the Germans, who hoped that he would cause chaos in the Russia, Lenin returned home and started working against the provisional government which had overthrown the tsarist regime. He introduced his "April Theses" to the people to gain their trust. He eventually led what was soon to be known as the October Revolution, Unfortunately this lead to civil war between the Red Army and the 'Whites'. Almost three years of
