England banished thousands of convicts overseas, first to North America in the 17th and 18th centuries, and later to Australia in the 18th and 19th centuries. This banishment was called transportation. Natural disasters, including floods and , and political events, such as the creation of new political entities dominated by particular ethnic or religious groups, also lead to forced migrations. In the mid-19th century, famine forced nearly one million Irish people to migrate to the United States and .
There is a pattern emerging as you would think that only LEDC citizens would like to migrate international however even now for several reasons there is still a high number of MEDC citizens migrating .
In the 19th and 20th centuries, millions of western and later eastern Europeans seeking political or religious freedom or economic opportunity settled in North and South America, Africa, Australia, , and other parts of the globe. Millions of Chinese settled in or moved overseas to work in the Philippine Islands, , and the Americas. A large colony of Hindus established homes in southern Africa, and many people from Arab lands migrated to North and South America.
The peak of modern migration occurred in the 50 years preceding World War I. After 1920, however, many nations, particularly those that had been receiving the bulk of the immigrants, placed restrictions on immigration. Tightening passport and visa requirements cut voluntary migration to much smaller proportions during the 1920s.
The partition in 1947 of the Indian subcontinent into two independent states, Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan, resulted in large-scale population transfers. Some 6.6 million Muslims entered Pakistan from Indian Territory, and an estimated 5.4 million Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India. The establishment of Israel in 1948 resulted in the migration of hundreds of thousands of Jews to that state and the displacement of about 720,000 indigenous Palestinians into neighbouring countries.
In North America, the international movement has been mainly from south to north. Millions of migrants from Cuba and other Caribbean Islands, from Mexico, and from elsewhere in Central and South America have settled in the US, mostly in , Florida, and Texas. Large numbers of Southeast Asians, including refugees from the Vietnam War, have also immigrated to the United States.
The global patterns of migration are complex and have changed over time. In the past thirty years there have been large flows of people both between developing countries and from developing to developed countries. Also, historically, during the colonial era, there were large flows of people from more to less developed countries. For example, between 1901 and 1911 Britain had an average net emigration rate of nearly 90,000 people per year.
They have been patterns emerging that politically reasons in the past have become the most reasons to migrate for many people even though they live in MEDC’s due to civil and international wars. However the cause of international migration today is mainly for either economical or social reasons. People often move for finical gain or for a better quality of life in the means of relaxation and less stress mostly for retired people.
As well as encouraging migration, globalization also produces countervailing forces. For example, as businesses grow and become more internationalized they often outsource their production to developing countries where labour costs are lower. This movement of jobs from the developed to the developing world mitigates those factors leading to migration. In a global economy, in other words, jobs can move to potential migrants instead of migrants moving to potential jobs.
The impacts of migration are complex bringing both benefits and disadvantages. Immigration is a source of low cost labour for host countries, while the remittances of emigrant workers can be an important source of foreign exchange for sending countries. On the other hand, migration can stoke resentment and fear in receiving as immigrants are accused of lowering wages and causing crime. For the economies of sending countries migration leads to a loss of well-educated and highly productive citizens.
The relationship between migration and development was already hotly debated in the 1970s and 1980s, mostly with a negative undertone in the assessment of the impact of migration on furthering development of origin countries. The recent revival of this debate has experienced a shift in emphasis toward the positive aspects of migration and development.
While a more skeptical view on the relationship between migration and development dominated in previous decades, migration today has moved from being regarded as a problem for development in origin countries to an opportunity, if not solution. Much of the policy debate on migration and development focuses now on the positive contributions of migrants to development through remittance transfers to, and reinvestment of human and financial capital in, their countries of origin. Aspects of social and individual development are thereby sidelined.
One of the consequences of globalisation has been a shift in the global demand for labour. In recent years, many richer economies have suffered declining rates of fertility and shifts in types of industry, creating new work opportunities. At the same time, development and democratisation in poorer economies have created a labour force more eager, and able, to migrate to take advantage of these opportunities. The result has been a significant expansion of global mobility.
Governments in both origin and destination economies are devising policies, independently, bilaterally and multilaterally, that respond to this shifting global demand for labour. However, fears about the practical and political consequences of permanent settlement of migrants have led to renewed interest in temporary, rather than permanent mobility. The introduction of the H-1B visas in the United States and ‘green cards’ in Germany are recent examples of destination countries opening the door to increasing numbers of skilled non-permanent immigrants. Several origin countries in Asia, including India and the Philippines, also actively seek labour markets for their workers overseas.
In much of the world, skilled migration is identical with legal, permanent migration, as the richest countries compete with each other to fill structural labour shortages in an increasingly knowledge-based economy. However, growing concern has been raised by poorer countries that skilled workers are being "poached" or "hovered up" from developing regions, with negative consequences for development. This situation is seen to be at its most acute in the case of the health sector, such that some governments in developed countries, including that of the UK, have responded with programmes of ethical recruitment that limit or even prohibit the recruitment of health personnel from poor countries.
While efforts to promote ethical recruitment are to be welcomed, this puts a simple gloss on what is an extremely complex issue. Attempts to restrict the migration of the skilled may not achieve the desired objectives and may unfairly discriminate against career advancement for African and Asian professionals.
At the same time, at least a part of the skills that citizens of developing countries possess have been acquired in universities and training institutions in developed countries. Increasingly, voices are raised that instead of thinking of ‘brain drain’, governments need to facilitate ‘brain circulation’.
Existing studies on forced migration have conventionally been concerned with understanding the social, cultural and economic impacts of this process, and the policy or practical interventions that could minimise the accompanying processes of impoverishment. However, such approaches tend to view forced migrants simply as problems, rather than according agency to refugees and outsiders as they make the best of their adverse conditions and mobilise around their rights. In line with our approach to other types of migration, the objective here is to consider instead consider the variety of ways in which forced migrants themselves seek to minimise the costs and vulnerabilities associated with forced displacement, whilst also maximising any benefits that might be associated with being in new places.
The attitude towards migrants an especially refugee is quite hostile though there are positive aspects of migration like:
The alternation of physical characteristics of ethnic groups through intermarriage.
Changes in cultural characteristics through adoption of the cultural patterns of peoples encountered.
Modifies language.
However socially this is a very sensitive matter as many ethic groups tend to not integrate within outside of each other due to many reasons which causes even more hostility.
Migration has positive effects on this world however I conclude that even though socially migration is having a negative effect; people of any background, ethicality etc have the right to migrate where they choose as this world is not solely owned by one being .
