WHY CANNOT U.S. AND EU REACH AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE (DOHA ROUND)?
WHY CANNOT U.S. AND EU REACH AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE (DOHA ROUND)? Introduction Agriculture and production of food began about 10,000 years ago. Hence, the world population could not have grown without the agricultural revolution. Without the development of agriculture, the modern and urban society would not have developed. Agriculture is defined as the utilization of natural resource systems to produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services. Meanwhile, global trading has been a part of the world since the 1940s. As trade between countries began to grow so did the need for some sort of international commerce. In 1948, the International Trade Organization (ITO) was established, but fell through and triggered the creation of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT was created through several negotiations, known as rounds. For many years, GATT's policies held strong and offered many countries the international support they needed to remain prosperous in global trade. Though, as time went on, certain trade policies established by GATT were being undermined by countries in order for them to continue conducting business. GATT's rules and regulations were becoming obsolete in the rapid changing global economy. By the early 1980s the General Agreement was clearly no longer relevant to
The agricultural, industrial and international economic policies that were prevalent during the early periods of development hindered the growth of the developing countries.
By Oytun Pakcan The agricultural, industrial and international economic policies that were prevalent during the early periods of development hindered the growth of the developing countries. Extension, taxation and pricing policies used in agricultural policy, use of capital-intensive technology and import-substitution method as the dominant strategy of industrialization in industrial sector and the heavy external debt that was induced by the international economic policies at that time stifled the economic development and growth of the Third World countries. The model of economic development that was perceived by the economists of early development period resulted in the establishment of economic policies that concentrated only on per capital growth of GDP rather than the development of the rural and urban areas as well as the all sectors of the economy as a whole. This resulted in an artificial and temporary growth of few sectors of the economy while all the other remaining sectors were faced with severe poverty. During this period, agriculture was merely viewed as a source of surplus production that supported industrialization rather than a source of growth and employment. The agricultural policies of the early development period encouraged urban bias; and concentration on urban development, harsh agricultural policies geared towards agricultural sector and neglect of
How methods of production have changed since the development and use of I.C.T.
How methods of production ave changed since the development and use of I.C.T. The impact on manufacturing cars. The effects of I.C.T within manufacturing recently in the past two decades has changed the both the way that we view the use of computers within business and their function. Through the manipulation of I.C.T the cost of can be reduced in different stages of production. In addition to this, the friction between the different stages can be lessened and, as a result, the product can in the end be provided to the end user at a lower price. Through more flexible production, the wishes of the consumer can also be better anticipated and higher-quality products can be provided. All in all, the consumers' benefits have increased as a result of the introduction of ICT. However these things come at a cost. The number of people employed in the manufacturing industry has reduced as a direct result of increased use of technology. We have lost the skills that are required to create cars by hand. Only a small number of specialist manufacturers produce hand made cars now. An initial direct effect of the development of ICT is that new information technologies can lead to lower production costs. The computer has taken over direct simple work from us, which has helped to lower costs. Another example can be found in CAD/CAM: computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing.
Physical and human processes can be linked to explain the deficit of food production in the Sahel. Explain how these factors have caused low agricultural productivity in the Sahel.
Physical and human processes can be linked to explain the deficit of food production in the Sahel. Explain how these factors have caused low agricultural productivity in the Sahel. The Sahel is a large expanse of semi-arid land that travels from the West of Africa to the East. This area of land traverses across a collection of countries and stands as a boundary between the Sahara in the north and the more tropical areas in the south. Spanning approximately 4500miles across the breadth of Africa, it is constantly expanding by the process of desertification as it is subject to extreme physical and human factors. Whilst the physical extremes of the Sahel may play a large part of its food deficit it is not the only culprit, it is a mixture of physical, economic, technological and political factors that lead to the high numbers of starvation in these arid areas. Physical factors in the Sahel are usually intense with the Sahel experiencing very hot prolonged periods of droughts on a regular basis. The Sahel experienced over 4 of these major droughts in the 20th century. 1914 to 1973 saw thousands of people die due to starvation, as the land became dehydrated and susceptible to desertification, whereby land turns to desert. This period provoked the realisation of the consequences that can come of this process. The development of desertification causes the land to lose its
Is deindustrialisation in the U.K an undesirable process?
Is deindustrialisation in the U.K an undesirable process? How has the mechanisation of Britain's industrial sector affected the national economy and the British population? In the early 1980's, many people became concerned with the decline of manufacturing employment and the sharp rise in the share of jobs in services. This was called deindustrialisation. Since the 1980's, the number of people employed in manufacturing in the U.K has decreased rapidly. In 1979, 7 million people were employed in manufacturing, in 2000 this figure has dropped to just 4 million, a decrease of 42%. In the early 70's, secondary activities were relatively important in MEDC's (more economically developed countries) but this has declined in favour of the more service based industries like catering and health. We can assume that much of this is due to the increasing advances in new technology, which allow the development of mechanisation in the industrial sector and lessens the need for a large labour force. We could also look at the change in job description as people change from doing the tasks themselves to operating robots, because this is also a cause of industrial change. In order to ascertain whether deindustrialisation is undesirable we first have to look at its causes and effects. There are many causes of deindustrialisation. In terms of internal change, there was a loss of
How successful was Labour's programme of nationalisation? Labour's programme of nationalisation was based on the concept of state ownership
How successful was Labour's programme of nationalisation? Labour's programme of nationalisation was based on the concept of state ownership of industries, enabling the government to control the "means of production, distribution and exchange." It began to be implemented in 1945 at the end of the Second World War, under the general direction of Herbert Morrison, with a primary aim of creating more efficient planning and co-operation between industries, whilst improving relations between workers and employers. Thus, for the purpose of this essay, the successfulness of the Labour programme of nationalisation will refer to whether or not it met the aim of making industries more efficient and integrated. Labour faced major economic struggles at the end of the war and yet put its plans to restore industries straight into action. This may been seen as a mistake, with many claiming if they had waited until debts had been repaid, with the economy back on track, their attempts to make industries more efficient through nationalisation would have been far more successful. However, if Labour had waited many industries may have collapsed before they had the chance to introduce their plans and therefore I feel the immediate nationalisation was the right thing to do. Taking into account the problems the Labour government faced, I believe its achievements couldn't have been greater.
Describe and explain the distribution of farming across the UK
Describe and explain the distribution of farming across the UK. In this short essay I will be describing how and why farming is spread out over the Uk. The distribution of farming types is evenly spread across the Uk. The location of farming is important. This map shows how farming is distributed across the UK. There a many different things a farmer can do with his land. The list below shows what they are: Sheep Farming: the sheep are raised for there meat and wool. There are over 30 million sheep in the Uk. Sheep farming mainly takes place in the upland area of the Uk. The main reason for this is because sheep can live in very harsh weather conditions. Cattle and Dairy Farming: dairy farming is spread over a large area of the Uk as you can see from the map. This is because the weather conditions are good for the cattle to graze as the temperatures are not to low and the rainfall causes lots of grass to grow. The farmers have a income all year round as the temperature does not normally go below 5c. The soil needs to be fertile enough for good pasture growth, but not for arable crops. The ground can be Gently sloping. Cattle can not cope with land that is too steep Market Farming: this is the growing and selling of food and flowers for the public. They can often be exported to other countries. The temperature and water is usually controlled carefully by being in huge
What evidence can you find to describe and explain the agricultural revolution of the 18th Century?
Introduction History Everyone is familiar with the term "Industrial Revolution", but the "Agricultural Revolution" that preceded it and ran parallel to it was equally important. What evidence can you find to describe and explain the agricultural revolution of the 18th Century? The agricultural revolution was unlike most in that it was a revolution of phases, new crops and crop rotation, improved breading methods and new agricultural techniques. The main reason for the changes was that due to the industrialisation and urbanisation the population was growing and therefore so was the rise in need for agriculture. The agricultural revolution was a very slow process. The first phase was the introduction of new crops. There were two sorts of fodder crops introduced; 'artificial grasses', such as clover, and roots such as turnips. These crops provided animal fodder which led to better soil fertility. There were other methods such as marling, liming and flooding the meadows next to the rivers. By making better use of the land meant better production and so the agricultural market could grow. In 1700 most farmers followed a rotation of crops which had existed since the Middle Ages virtually unchanged. This is known as the triennial rotation where every third year the land is left fallow, animals will be put onto the land so that their manure will revive it. By 1750 the Norfolk
"Bottom up not top down!" Is this the way ahead for Aid and Investment projects?
Samantha Costelloe "Bottom up not top down!" Is this the way ahead for Aid and Investment projects? Contents Abstract. 2 Introduction 3 Differences between Aid and investment. 4 Definition of terms 5 Types of Aid. 6 Case study- the Hertzog agricultural cooperative, South Africa. 7 Case study- the West coast investment Initiative, South Africa. 8 Case study- Agrarian Foundation of Tochantins - Agraguai (FATA), Brazil. 9 Case study- Export orientated agriculture in Puerto Rico 0 Case study- CIDSE development plan, Vietnam 1 Case study- The Polonoroeste Project, Brazil 2-13 Conclusion 4 Bibliography and methodology 5- Appendix ABSTRACT: In South Africa, agricultural co-operatives have been established to improve the livelihoods of the rural community. At the same time, the government has invested in the steel industry, aiming to create jobs and thereby raise standards of living. In Brazil, small co-operatives have also been established. A contrasting approach to agricultural development is export orientated agriculture in Puerto Rico. In Vietnam, a bottom up approach to developing rural areas is a credit and savings program dedicated at the poorest people. A top down rural development project in brazil aims to create jobs and provide land. Both bottom up and Top down approaches have advantages and disadvantages. Bottom up approaches tend to benefit the poorest
"Can the theories that Alfred D. Chandler developed in his book 'Scale and Scope: The dynamics of industrial capitalism' be applied to patterns of economic growth in the second half of the 20th century?"
TABLE OF CONTENTS . Introduction 1 2. Chandler's theory 1 3. Methodology and selection of study objects 3 4. Description of developments 4 Country level 4 Industry level 5 Firm level 6 5. Compare these patterns to Chandler's predictions 6 Country level 6 Industry and firm level 8 6. Future growth industries 9 7. Conclusion 10 Reference List 11 Appendix A - 900 largest German firms 12 Appendix B - Growth industries in the USA 16 Appendix C - selected GDPs in 1950 17 . INTRODUCTION "Scale and Scope: The dynamics of industrial capitalism" (henceforth Scale and Scope) by Alfred D. Chandler (1990) is one of the central books in economic history. Like only few books, it explains many economic developments in the period from the 1880s until deep into the 20th century. By focusing on this period, the period of the so-called second industrial revolution, Chandler investigates a period with immense changes in business and economic environment. Therefore, even though the period is time wise relatively narrow, it still provides enough evidence to develop strong theories. The book develops theories that have a strong explanatory power for the period under review. Because the book does not scrutinize events and developments that occurred in the times that followed, one might naturally wonder in how far the ideas developed by Chandler can be transferred into our post-modern