The Multiplier effect explained and with examples.
SECTION 1 According to Haggett (2001, p.789), "Multiplier effect is a term used in systems thinking to describe the process by which changes in one field of human activity (subsystem) sometimes act to promote changes in other fields (subsystems) and in turn act on the original subsystem itself. An instance of positive feedback, it is thought by some to be one of the primary mechanisms of societal change". The scheme printed below reflects the main ideas of Myrdal's model of cumulative causation. Source: www.carlisle.unn.ac.uk/CHP/Environmental _studies/ This scheme shows that everything is related to each other. According to official returns (Haggett, 2001,p.244), the new market creates a number of new jobs in the local area. If the average family sizes four, that means that 100 jobs will lead to 400 more people in the household sector. However, these new people will demand new schools, what will create more jobs in service sector and construction industry. Also, it will attract more firms linked to original industry, migrants, entrepreneurs and capital, what will give more profit and new jobs. Another words, the idea of the multiplier effect is that initial investment leads to increased prosperity. Money is generated by the industry and is spent on other goods and services, which in turn increases demand and economic activity. Myrdal's model of the cumulative
The History of the Samara Region.
The History of the Samara Region. When we remember the past - we create our future. The Samara region is situated in the center of the European part of Russia. It occupies 53,6 thousand square kilometers and stretches 335 kilometers from north to south and 315 kilometers from west to east. This land witnessed many historical events, which influenced the history of the country. The history of the Samara region dates from almost VI-VII millenium. The process of development of the region began even earlier (in 100th millenium BC). But the ability of a man was limited due to the global factors. In approximately VII millenium AD the tribes, which lived here united and formed the union that is known as ???????? ????????. The first state on the territory of our region was also named ???????? ???????? and it existed up to the beginning of Tartar Invasion, when it was included into the ??????? ????. Only after the failure of the ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? began to grow in importance. In the middle of the sixteenth century Russia gained control over this region. Ivan the Terrible ordered a new fort to be built. So, the foundation stone was laid in 1586. The architect of the fort was ???????? ???????? ???????. He began construction of the new town. For the first time the river Volga was rather far from the town, but some time later the current of the river has moved a little -
This project is about the farming in the Bahamas. Areas we are going to cover are agriculture, subsistence farming in Bahamas, marketing of local crops, and also the result and effects of poor agricultural practices
Introduction Farming in the Bahamas This project is about the farming in the Bahamas. Areas we are going to cover are agriculture, subsistence farming in Bahamas, marketing of local crops, and also the result and effects of poor agricultural practices. There are other areas I am going to cover as you will see. Define Agriculture Agriculture is the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock. It is also the process of producing food, seeds, fiber and desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). The practice of agriculture is also known as farming, all methods of production and management of livestock, crops, vegetation, and soil can be done in farming. Describe local methods of subsistence farming in The Bahamas, that is crop and animal farming in the major islands. Subsistence farming is farming on a small scale, mainly to meet family's needs. This type of farming produces enough food staple items to feed the farmer's family with some remaining for sale. Some animals that are raised by subsistence farmers are chickens, goats, and pigs. Plants grown by these farmers are tomatoes, peppers, pigeon peas, limes, bananas etc. There are two types of methods used in subsistence farming and they are the slash and burn technique and pothole farming. Slash and Burn Method * Using cutlasses a diminutive area of
Aswan High Dam
Aswan High Dam The Aswan High Dam is located about 7 miles south of the city of Aswan on the River Nile. At the turn of the twentieth century the population of Egypt was growing so fast that the agriculture industry couldn't keep up. Agriculture was based along the River Nile as it had been since the Ancient Egyptians. The river flooded every year creating the fertile soils along its banks. If the agriculture industry was to expand stability was needed along the banks of the Nile. The only way to control the river was to build a dam. The original dam was the Aswan Dam, which was built by the British and completed in 1902. This dam was created 3 miles south of Aswan. However this dam proved to be insufficient due to the enormous pressure placed on it by the large volumes of water. The Aswan Dam's height was raised in building campaigns of 1907-12 and then in 1929-34. However, even after these campaigns the dam's sluices had to be opened to relieve the pressure behind the dam. This caused enormous damage further down the valley and areas that were supposed to be protected were flooded. Another dam was needed. The Aswan High Dam was started in 1960 and completed 11 years later in 1971. This new dam was needed so that the floods of the Nile could be controlled, water could be stored and hydroelectric power generated. The floods needed to be controlled as every year the
Analyse and explain the work of one Christian agency working for world development
a) iii) Analyse and explain the work of one Christian agency working for world development CAFOD (Catholic Agency for Overseas Development) are a Christian agency who works for world development. The National Board of Catholic Women who organised the first family fast day established CAFOD in 1961. It continued to develop and is now a major British charity. CAFOD is a branch of Caritas Internationalis, which is a world-wide network of Catholic relief and development organisations. CAFOD focuses on England and Wales for funds and donations from the public and has regional organisers in those two countries. The regional organisers are the people who are given a district to oversee the fund raisings as well as to promote the work of CAFOD in that area. It works in partnership on over one thousand projects throughout the world. There are many different types of projects that they work on, requiring different types of aid. These include; long term development work, this means working with poor communities and launching programmes like; education, health care, safe water, agricultural help and the development of small businesses. An example of this is the alignment between the Diocese of Portsmouth and Bamenda in North Africa where aid has been given continually in the last twenty-five years. Analysis is another project that CAFOD works on, this means finding out
Opportunities in the big emerging markets (BEMs) such as India, Brazil and China.
Table of contents Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION 2 People's Republic of China 2 The manufacturing sector 4 The transportation framework 5 ? Mode of transport used 5 ? Problems in road transport 5 ? Firms' actions to minimize problems 7 DISTRIBUTION 8 ? Important success factor 8 In China the relationship is (nearly) everything 9 ? Interaction of guanxi approaches 9 The effectiveness 9 Initial contact 10 Planning a China strategy 10 Investing in China is a long game, not a way to quick profits 11 RECCOMANDATION 12 SHENZHEN 12 Special Economic Zones 12 Shenzhen's Favorable Policies 12 Shenzhen's Strategic Location 13 Opportunities in telecom industry 13 APPENDIX 14 . Manufacturing sector ratios 14 2. China's seven regional marketstci 19 References 27 INTRODUCTION As social and economic events bring about unraveling opportunities in the big emerging markets (BEMs) such as India, Brazil and China, many multinational corporations (MNCs) have made substantial investment in these countries as an integral part of their global expansion strategies (Garten, 1998). Selecting among alternative international markets, be it for exporting, licensing, joint ventures, strategic alliances or direct investment, requires information. Likewise, the assessment of information across different types of markets determines, in large part, the degree of success (or
As a region, state, and nation, we are being challenged to become more efficient, more intelligent, more ecological, in short - more competitive. Today, workforce shortages and shifting economic sands threaten even the most economically stable states.
INTRODUCTION As a region, state, and nation, we are being challenged to become more efficient, more intelligent, more ecological, in short - more competitive. Today, workforce shortages and shifting economic sands threaten even the most economically stable states. It seems prudent in these times to make the most of our regional potentials and economic endowment. One of the ways we do this is to get smarter about our approach to economic development policy. We must begin to see industry, education, and other institutions in the context of the surrounding economy and begin to develop a unified approach to economic development problems. Based on research of Professor Michael Porter, he developed the diamond of advantage, a model that offers insights into industry clusters and competitiveness. He contends that regions develop a competitive advantage based on their firm's ability to continually innovate and that economic vitally is a direct product of the competitiveness of local industries. The factors that drive innovation and a cluster's growth include: ) Factor conditions - such as specialised labour pool, specialised infrastructure and sometimes selective disadvantages 2) Home demand - or local customers who push companies to innovate, especially if their needs or tastes anticipate global or local demand. 3) Related and supporting industries - nationally competitive
Scientific investigation of Antarctica
Antarctica, fifth-largest of the Earth's seven continents, located almost entirely south of latitude 66°33' south (the Antarctic Circle), and surrounding the South Pole. It is mostly circular in shape with a long arm-the Antarctic Peninsula-reaching out towards South America, and with two large indentations, the Ross and Weddell seas and their ice shelves. Its total area is about 14.2 million sq km (5.5 million sq mi) in summer. During the winter Antarctica doubles in size because of the large amount of sea ice that forms at its periphery. The true boundary of Antarctica is not the coastline of the continent itself but the Antarctic Convergence, which is a sharply defined zone in the southern extremities of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans between about latitude 48° south and latitude 60° south. At this point, the colder waters flowing north from Antarctica mix with warmer waters moving south. The Antarctic Convergence marks a definite physical difference in the oceans. For these reasons, the water surrounding the Antarctic continent is considered an ocean in itself, often known as the Antarctic, or Southern Ocean. Antarctica has no native population. Its residents are scientific and support staffs who usually stay no more than a year at a time. The first person born in Antarctica was Emilio Palma, the son of the commander of Argentina's Esperanza Base, on January
Summarise the advantages and disadvantages of extracting Alaskan oil
Summarise the advantages and disadvantages of extracting Alaskan oil, transporting it over the state in a pipe and then transporting it on by a super tanker. What is your opinion on this matter? The construction of the Alaskan Pipeline has both benefits and problems. In terms of economy, the Alaskan state gross product was $39 billion and the Alaskans earned $25 billion personnel income. Comparing to prior to when the TAPS was built, the gross product was only $8 billion and Alaskans only earned $5 billion personnel income. Alaska also moved from being the most heavily taxed state to being the most tax-free. This shows the economy of the state had been boosted significantly since the construction of the TAPS. The construction of the TAPS also provided job opportunities for the local people. For this project, over 21 000 people were at work at the same time. However, the construction of the pipeline could disturb the local ecosystem; in particular the caribou migration. The pipeline could obstruct the caribou migration, thus affecting their survival as they were unable to migrate South during winters. This would also affect the native Alaskans and Canadians who had kept the tradition of hunting caribou for food and for other purposes. Building and maintaining a massive pipeline across a large permafrost area is also extremely difficult. Large amount of resources must be
Biological pest control is better than chemical control.
Biological Pest Control is Better than Chemical Control. A pesticide is any agent used to kill pests or control the incidence of insect pests, plant pathogens and weed populations. Biological control is the control of pest and weeds using specially chosen living organisms or biological products, whereas chemical control is the use of pesticides or chemicals to kill or control pests. Predators or parasites are used to keep the pest population low. Insects move, leaving their enemies behind, so by introducing their natural enemies to the environment the number of pests and their effect on the surroundings decreases. The population of the enemy can be increased by mass production in a lab. Releasing it when the pest is most susceptible makes it more likely this method will be effective. Selective breeding could also be used to breed a more effective insect to kill the pest. However, this is not a permanent solution, as the insects will move on again. "Phages (viruses that infect bacteria) can be used as vectors in the genetic engineering of bacteria, so viruses which attack plant cells should open up the possibility of doing the same in plants"(Using Viruses, Biological Science 2, Taylor, Green and Stout). This technique is still being developed. Biotechnology is engineering man-made viruses to target only certain pests. These viruses are harmless to other species, and will