The Role and Importance of Agriculture In the Carribean. Organisations involved in its development. The role of soils and plant types.
TABLE OF CONTENTS ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE CARIBBEAN Foreign exchange Contribution to GDP/GNP Food security Employment Environmental management CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING CARIBBEAN AGRICULTURE Climate Topography Appropriate Technology Rural Infrastructure Land Tenure and Fragmentation Credit Facilities Marketing Facilities Extension Services Praedial Larceny CLASSIFICATION OF CARIBBEAN FARMS Distinguishing Features of Farmers (According to Size) Large Farms Medium Sized Farms Small Farms Distinguishing Features of Farms (According to Produce) Crops Farm Livestock Monoculture/Mono-cropping Mixed Cropping Mixed Farming Organic Farming Agro-Forestry Integrated Farm INSTITUTIONS WHICH SUPPORT LOCAL AND REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL Rural Agricultural Development Authority (RADA) Bodles Research Station: Jamaica Livestoc Association (J.L.A.) Jamaica Agricultural Society (J.A. S.): Scientific Research Council (SRC Sugar Industry Research Institute (SIRI) Caribbean Community Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI ) Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute (CFNI) University of the West Indies (UWI) College of Agriculture, Science and Education (CASE) Inter-American Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture (IICA) Food and Agriculture Organization (F AO) Organization of
Opportunities in the big emerging markets (BEMs) such as India, Brazil and China.
Table of contents Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION 2 People's Republic of China 2 The manufacturing sector 4 The transportation framework 5 ? Mode of transport used 5 ? Problems in road transport 5 ? Firms' actions to minimize problems 7 DISTRIBUTION 8 ? Important success factor 8 In China the relationship is (nearly) everything 9 ? Interaction of guanxi approaches 9 The effectiveness 9 Initial contact 10 Planning a China strategy 10 Investing in China is a long game, not a way to quick profits 11 RECCOMANDATION 12 SHENZHEN 12 Special Economic Zones 12 Shenzhen's Favorable Policies 12 Shenzhen's Strategic Location 13 Opportunities in telecom industry 13 APPENDIX 14 . Manufacturing sector ratios 14 2. China's seven regional marketstci 19 References 27 INTRODUCTION As social and economic events bring about unraveling opportunities in the big emerging markets (BEMs) such as India, Brazil and China, many multinational corporations (MNCs) have made substantial investment in these countries as an integral part of their global expansion strategies (Garten, 1998). Selecting among alternative international markets, be it for exporting, licensing, joint ventures, strategic alliances or direct investment, requires information. Likewise, the assessment of information across different types of markets determines, in large part, the degree of success (or
"Can the theories that Alfred D. Chandler developed in his book 'Scale and Scope: The dynamics of industrial capitalism' be applied to patterns of economic growth in the second half of the 20th century?"
TABLE OF CONTENTS . Introduction 1 2. Chandler's theory 1 3. Methodology and selection of study objects 3 4. Description of developments 4 Country level 4 Industry level 5 Firm level 6 5. Compare these patterns to Chandler's predictions 6 Country level 6 Industry and firm level 8 6. Future growth industries 9 7. Conclusion 10 Reference List 11 Appendix A - 900 largest German firms 12 Appendix B - Growth industries in the USA 16 Appendix C - selected GDPs in 1950 17 . INTRODUCTION "Scale and Scope: The dynamics of industrial capitalism" (henceforth Scale and Scope) by Alfred D. Chandler (1990) is one of the central books in economic history. Like only few books, it explains many economic developments in the period from the 1880s until deep into the 20th century. By focusing on this period, the period of the so-called second industrial revolution, Chandler investigates a period with immense changes in business and economic environment. Therefore, even though the period is time wise relatively narrow, it still provides enough evidence to develop strong theories. The book develops theories that have a strong explanatory power for the period under review. Because the book does not scrutinize events and developments that occurred in the times that followed, one might naturally wonder in how far the ideas developed by Chandler can be transferred into our post-modern
As a region, state, and nation, we are being challenged to become more efficient, more intelligent, more ecological, in short - more competitive. Today, workforce shortages and shifting economic sands threaten even the most economically stable states.
INTRODUCTION As a region, state, and nation, we are being challenged to become more efficient, more intelligent, more ecological, in short - more competitive. Today, workforce shortages and shifting economic sands threaten even the most economically stable states. It seems prudent in these times to make the most of our regional potentials and economic endowment. One of the ways we do this is to get smarter about our approach to economic development policy. We must begin to see industry, education, and other institutions in the context of the surrounding economy and begin to develop a unified approach to economic development problems. Based on research of Professor Michael Porter, he developed the diamond of advantage, a model that offers insights into industry clusters and competitiveness. He contends that regions develop a competitive advantage based on their firm's ability to continually innovate and that economic vitally is a direct product of the competitiveness of local industries. The factors that drive innovation and a cluster's growth include: ) Factor conditions - such as specialised labour pool, specialised infrastructure and sometimes selective disadvantages 2) Home demand - or local customers who push companies to innovate, especially if their needs or tastes anticipate global or local demand. 3) Related and supporting industries - nationally competitive
Assignment on Computer Integrated Manufacturing
436-365 Operations Analysis Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Assignment on Computer Integrated Manufacturing September, 2004 Project Title: Assignment on Computer Integrated Manufacturing The University of Melbourne Parkville 3010 Students: Taylan Eron, 100866 [email protected] Choon Tsung, 99786 [email protected] Willis Sutanto, 101432 [email protected] Date: 10-September-2004 Version: 3.0, 10-September-2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 HISTORY AND EVOLUTION 4 DEVELOPMENT OF NUMERICAL CONTROL 4 THE ADVENT OF COST-EFFECTIVE COMPUTERS 4 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN 5 COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING 5 ISLANDS OF AUTOMATION 5 HOLISTIC VIEW TO MANUFACTURING 6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 7 CASE STUDIES 9 AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION AT OPEL, BOCHUM (GERMANY) 9 PIONEER MAGNETICS 10 SHANGHAI NO 2 TEXTILE MACHINERY COMPANY LTD 11 IMPLEMENTING CIM IN SHENYANG BLOWER WORKS 11 CONCLUSION 12 GROUP MEETINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 12 REFERENCES 13 Introduction Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is a term that is used to cover a broad range of technologies and soft automation used to increase the cost effectiveness of products and plants. Its exact definition is hard to pinpoint since it is highly dependent on viewpoint, not just across industries, but also within organizations. Integrated manufacturing is not itself a
Industrial Revolution.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The rise of mechanical power and the capitalistic factory system occurring in the towns replacing the more traditional rural farm work and cottage industries, especially in England from roughly 1770s to 1830s. Sometimes called the English Revolution - to associate the social change it incurred with the French Revolution and American Revolution. However unlike the other two revolutions it was not always beneficial. Engels first used the term in 1844. Before the Industrial Revolution most of the Working Class lived in the country as farm labourers. In off-seasons some turned to nail making, weaving, and other product-making jobs to supplement their farm wages. This work was usually done in the living room of their cottages - in between growing their own food and attending to other family responsibilities. Once they had finished a product they then had to hawk it around the countryside looking for a buyer. Husbands, wives and children all worked from dawn to dusk at these tasks. Whenever they could afford to they would take holiday from this monotonous, energy-sapping and hazardous work. Injuries and permanent deformities were common. With the improvement of steam power and machines Capitalists built factories to concentrate the artisans into one location and had them work for set wages or piecemeal. This decreased the rural population and built up the
Effects on Drought
Drought has long been recognized as one of the most insidious causes of human misery. It has today the unfortunate distinction of being the natural disaster that annually claims the most victims. Its ability to cause widespread misery is actually increasing. While generally associated with semiarid climates, drought can occur in areas that normally enjoy adequate rainfall and moisture levels. In the broadest sense, any lack of water for the normal needs of agriculture, livestock, industry, or human population may be termed a drought. The cause may be lack of supply, contamination of supply, inadequate storage or conveyance facilities, or abnormal demand. Drought, as commonly understood, is a condition of climatic dryness that is severe enough to reduce soil moisture and water below the minimums necessary for sustaining plant, animal, and human life. Drought is usually accompanied by hot, dry winds and may be followed by damaging floods. More socially relevant than technically correct is the definition used by Ari Toubo Eibrahim, the minister of agriculture in Niger, who has said that a drought is "Not as much water as the people need." Examples Chad, the largest landlocked country of the African Sahel region, suffered greatly from the prolonged drought of the 1970s. Based on a 60 percent reduction in cereal grain output and 50 percent loss in the livestock herd, the dollar
Just in Time (JIT), as a survival strategy for the manufacturing industry against fierce global market competition.
CONTENTS . Introduction 2 2. How Just in Time evolved? 3 3. What is Just in Time 5 3.1 Goals of JIT 3.2 Elements of JIT 3.3 JIT Implementation 3.4 Problems in Implementing JIT 3.5 Benefits from JIT 4. Success stories 8 5. JIT in the West 10 6. Who may not benefit fully from using JIT? 12 7. Technologies and Concepts that originated from JIT 14 7.1 KAIZEN 7.2 Lean Manufacturing 8. References 16 9. Appendix 18 INTRODUCTION Just in Time (JIT) has often been considered as a survival strategy for the manufacturing industry against fierce global market competition. The three words say it all, everything happens just in time. For example, consider my journey to college this morning, I could have left my house, just-in-time to catch a bus to the college, just-in-time to arrive at my college, just-in-time to pick up my lecture notes, just-in-time to walk into the lecture room, just-in-time to attend the lecture. Theoretically there is no problem about this; however achieving this in practice is likely to be difficult. Similarly in a manufacturing process materials could theoretically arrive just-in-time to be picked up by a worker and used. This eliminates any inventory of materials; they would simply arrive just-in-time. In the same way finished goods could be produced
Is biological pest control better than chemical pest control?
Is biological pest control better than chemical pest control? Food is vital for humans to survive, the population of the world is immense as it approaches 6 billion and all these humans need to be fed on a continual basis. Therefore, a large quantity of food needs to be produced rapidly and on a very large scale. Generally farmers across the western world do produce food very quickly and efficiently and there tends to be a surplus of food, whereas, in less developed countries they have a shortage of food. Due to the size of the world's population and it's high levels of demand for food farmers are unable to leave crops alone and let them grow naturally. For example, one-third of the crops that are grown worldwide are spoiled by pests, animals particularly insects and many plants. Certain types of crops grow better in certain set conditions and there are many different factors which effect the crop yield. Crops grow by photosynthesis, the environmental factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis, are light intensity, concentration of carbon dioxide in the air, and the surrounding temperatures. All the requirements for photosynthesis need to be available at a good rate and supply, the light intensity which is usually supplied by the sun needs to be at suitable intensity, which means the crop will only grow certain times of the year due to the amount of light available.
Case Analysis: Longe Industries v. Archco, JNRP
Case Analysis #2 Longe Industries v. Archco, JNRP Background Longe Industries has been in the business of manufacturing trailing axles for dump trucks. They had pioneered their way into the 'trailing axles for dump truck' segment of the market by developing and marketing a series of models that had evolved in design features. Archco manufactures dump beds for dump trucks. Archco entered into a dealership agreement with Longe Industries on April 6, 1992. They also signed a non-compete agreement that included a non-disclosure of information provision. JRNP assists other companies in designing and patenting products. JRNP was contracted by Archco to design a trailing axle known as 'Tough Haul I'. Although this model was never produced, the 'Tough Haul II', which was a twin arm trailing axle, very similar to the one developed by Longe, was manufactured and sold in the market. On October 18, 1998, Longe Industries notified Archco that it was in violation of the non-competition agreement and requested an accounting of all non-Longe trailing axles sold by Archo. Later, on January 4, 1999, Longe Industries filed suit against Archo. JRNP was later added as a defendant. The big issues at hand are misappropriation of trade secrets, fraud, agency relationship/breach of contract, tortious interference and violation of patent law. The analysis will focus on identifying the relevance