Explain the difference between Act and rule utilitarianism
Religious studies
Explain the difference between Act and rule utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is described as being either an act or a rule. Act utilitarianism was devised by Jeremy Bentham which he believed human beings were motivated by pleasure and pain and therefore they may do anything which brings out ‘the greatest good for the greatest number.’ He believed people must measure their actions by using the hedonic calculus as it weighs up the pain and pleasure generated by the available moral actions to find the best possible outcome. However rule utilitarianism is motivated by rules, unlike act, rule believes that it is not the consequence which determines whether an act is right or wrong, however it is the act itself. Mill believed that ‘the well being of the individual was of greatest importance and that happiness is most effectively gained when the individual are free to pursue their own ends, subject to the rules that protect the common good of all’.
Act utilitarianism does not act on moral rules; the theory allows people to make their own decisions, however the decision should be based on the consequence that the action would produce. The out come must bring out the ‘Greatest good for the greatest number.’ Thus cannot be for one person alone as an act utililitarianist aim to bring out the maximum amount of good and least amount of pain. For example in act utilitarianism a group of people may be on there way to the cinema, however may come across a lady asking to give money for charity, according to act utilitarianism the people would therefore have to give up there cinema money and give it to charity instead, this is done because it would cause the maximum amount of good, as the charity would help a lot of people, and the least amount of pain as they would not be able to have money to go to the cinema, however over the next following weeks the people may be going cinema and keep having to give to charity as they always see the lady on the way, therefore the group of friends would be missing out on leisure time which would be a disadvantage of there actions.