To make sure we have plenty of energy in the future, it's up to all of us to use energy wisely. We must all conserve energy and use it efficiently. It also ups to those of you who will want to create the new energy technologies of the future.
Fossil fuels enable human ingevnovnuity and gave rise to the Industrial Revolution. Coal-fired electricity empowers humankind's evolution in the Information Age. Humans harness earth's abundant fossil fuels resource - formed from the remains of prehistoric plant and animal life - as our primary source of energy. In a very real sense, using fossil fuels recycles the product of solar energy locked-up during photosynthesis over millions and millions of years. Whether using coal to make most of the world's electricity, petroleum as the lifeblood of transportation or, along with natural gas, as a feedstock for myriad industrial and commercial uses, fossil fuels are keys to our industrial evolution. Where Fossil Fuels Come From There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed many millions of years ago during the time of the dinosaurs -- hence the name fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are made up of decomposed plant and animal matter. Plants change energy they receive from the sun into stored energy. This energy is food used by the plant. This is called photosynthesis. Animals eat plants to make energy. And people eat animals and plants to get energy to do work. When plants and dinosaurs and other ancient creatures died, they decomposed and became buried, layer upon layer under the ground. It took millions of years to form these
chemistry of renewable resources
Introduction Everything we need - our resources have come from our planet, whether it is food, water, metals or fuels. It is known that if we use up any one of the earths resources then we will be without it forever. In this report I will look at some general principles of how non-renewable and renewable resources are used and the effect this can have on our environment. The resources that are most important to us are coal, metals, oil, gas, petrol and limestone. Without these we will be helpless. Also, these can only be replaced by nature after many million years. We call these non-renewable resources. Many industries rely on these as source of raw materials and will face problems unless new sources or new manufacturing techniques are found. We cannot find any techniques because most of the earths materials are so mixed up, that we can't sort them out and make them useful. On the other hand renewable resources renew themselves more quickly such as plants grown for food, and fuel. But these can be used up too fast if we do not use them carefully. These resources are in continuous supply, for instance wind and solar energy. Scientists are working very hard on developing new ways to use these renewable resources. But first industry needs to make more products that use the safe environmentally energy like solar powered vehicles. In the future they could also include the use of
Field trip report Mangrove ecosystem
Contents I. Aims and objective of study. Page 1 II. Introduction Page 3 III. General information of the field trip..........................Page 4 IV. Method of study......................................................... Page 5 V. Abiotic factors in Sai Keng........................................Page 9 VI. Analysis of the results obtained................................Page 12 VII. Problems of life in mangrove Page 20 VIII. Adaptations of plants to mangrove ........................... Page 22 IX. Adaptations of animals to mangrove ......................Page 25 X. Biotic factors in Sai Keng........................................Page 27 XI. Food web and dichotomous key of mangrove.........Page 29 XII. Man's impact on mangrove habitat ..........................Page 30 XIII. Conservation of Mangroves in Hong Kong...............Page 31 XIV. Safety precaution......................................................Page 32 XV. Comment & conclusion.............................................Page 33 XIV. Title A study of the mangrove ecosystem (Sai Keng) I. Aims . To understand the structure and functioning of a mangrove ecosystem. 2. To learn and practice basic ecological techniques. 3. To manipulate simple field equipment so as to measure environmental factors. 4. To identify the common mangrove organisms. 5. To identify and interpret adaptive features
effect of temperature on the rate of respiration in yeast
Effect of temperature on the rate of respiration in yeast Aim: My aim is to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration in yeast by using a universal indicator. Background theory: Enzyme: Enzymes are organic catalysts that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently altered in the process. Enzyme Characteristics * Lower the energy of activation * Form reversible complex with substrate. * Not consumed in the reaction therefore they are effect in small amounts * Very specific - (Induced fit hypothesis) react with only a single substrate. * Many need cofactors, such as certain vitamins, to be activated. * 2000+ enzymes per cell, different cells have different enzymes. * Enzymes are produced by genes. * Genetic disorders are the result of faulty enzymes. * Operate best in optimum conditions of pH, temperature, etc. * Are controlled by feedback mechanisms. Enzyme mechanism: Key and theory: The substrates (reactants) are attracted to the enzyme molecule. They join forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The reaction occurs on an area of the enzyme molecule known as the active site producing new substrates(s) or products. Induced fit hypothesis: The attraction of the substrate and enzyme form an enzyme-substrate complex. It was originally referred to as the Lock and Key Enzyme Theory. The current theory
Fighter Pilot A Statistical Analysis of Reaction time and its Correlation with Dominant & Non-Dominant Hands
Fighter Pilot A Statistical Analysis of Reaction time and its Correlation with Dominant & Non-Dominant Hands Introduction This experiment seeks to determine reaction times in two groups of matched subjects; dominant and non-dominant hands, using the ruler drop test. Reaction time experiments are performed to measure the alertness of the mind and will give an indication of the speed of the reflexes that different groups of varied individuals have. The experiment tests how long it takes the brain to translate visual information into the voluntary motor commands, actions which lead to a ruler being grabbed. The shorter the length at which the ruler is grabbed, the shorter time and therefore the faster the person's reaction. The controls of these processes within the human body are the responsibility of the nervous system which is the seat of voluntary and involuntary movements along with language, emotion and memory. (1) The experiment begins with an environmental stimulus via light reflected from a moving ruler being dropped from a height above the subject's hand. (1) This transmits into a sensory nervous impulse within the optic nerve. Beginning in the retina of the eye, information is detected by photoreceptors (rods and cones) they relay the visual signals on to bipolar cells which transmit on to ganglion cells. (2) The axons of all ganglion cells in the retina of each
Flat periwinkle Investigation
Brown Flat Periwinkles: Raw Data Collected from the Sheltered Shore of Angle Point Zone Quadrat number Abundance Running Mean LOWER 0 0.000 LOWER 2 0 0.000 LOWER 3 0 0.000 LOWER 4 0 0.000 LOWER 5 0 0.000 LOWER 6 0 0.000 LOWER 7 0 0.000 LOWER 8 0 0.000 LOWER 9 0 0.000 LOWER 0 0 0.000 LOWER 1 0 0.000 LOWER 2 0 0.000 LOWER 3 0 0.000 LOWER 4 0 0.000 LOWER 5 0 0.000 LOWER 6 0 0.000 LOWER 7 0 0.000 LOWER 8 0 0.000 LOWER 9 0 0.000 LOWER 20 0 0.000 LOWER 21 0 0.000 LOWER 22 0 0.000 LOWER 23 0 0.000 LOWER 24 0 0.000 LOWER 25 0 0.000 LOWER 26 0 0.000 LOWER 27 0 0.000 LOWER 28 0 0.000 LOWER 29 0 0.000 LOWER 30 0 0.000 LOWER 31 0 0.000 LOWER 32 0 0.000 LOWER 33 0 0.000 LOWER 34 0 0.000 LOWER 35 0 0.000 LOWER 36 0 0.000 LOWER 37 0 0.000 LOWER 38 0 0.000 LOWER 39 0 0.000 LOWER 40 0 0.000 LOWER 41 LOWER 42 LOWER 43 LOWER 44 LOWER 45 LOWER 46 LOWER 47 LOWER 48 LOWER 49 LOWER 50 Zone Quadrat number Abundance Running Mean Introduction: Aims and Hypothesis The flat periwinkle exists as two distinct species littorina obtusata and littorina mariae, (http:/lineone.net/wildlife/molluscs_flat_periwinlkle.html) both species are common to the sheltered shores of Great Britain and both species can be found in
'An investigation into the ability of two strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to utilise different carbon sources as substrates for cellular respiration'.
'An investigation into the ability of two strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to utilise different carbon sources as substrates for cellular respiration' Introduction The purpose of this investigation is to compare the ability of two different strains of yeast to respire, when using different sugars as respiration substrates. Considering the lengths that have been reached to develop varieties of yeast with greater suitability and effectiveness for very particular fermentation purposes, it seems reasonable to suppose that two different strains of the same species of yeast, selected for their different fermentation properties, have developed requirements that are not uniform. As a result of the selection and development process, yeast best suited to ferment in a given application, possess a range of different characteristics. One such characteristic may be the ability to metabolise different carbon sources at different rates. This quality is important because in each application where different respiration substrates are available, a specific strain of yeast may be required. Yeast unable to utilise the available carbon sources will have undesirable fermentation rates, and therefore may not be selected for use in that application. The two yeast here compared, have two such different applications. The first yeast from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae variety is of the
Investigation into how Lichen growth is affected as you move further away from a river
Investigation into how Lichen growth is affected as you move further away from a river Vikram Singh Mahal ________________ Investigation into how Lichen growth is affected as you move further away from a river Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to observe and analyse the how the abundance of water affects Lichen growth. I selected 3 sites where there was a river and selected a spot at each randomly. Then I did a 10m line transect from the river to the embankment and recorded any lichen every 1m. I then moved the line transect 2m down the river and repeated the experiment. I did this until I had moved the line transect 12m from the original location that I stated at. The result showed that location on a river bank affected the size of lichens that grew. Experimental Hypothesis: As you move further away from the river bank lichen growth will increase and there will be less abundance of species. Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in growth and abundance of lichen as you move away from the river bank. Research and Rational This experiment aims to investigate the effect of water abundance of the growth of lichen and which species of lichen are more abundant with increased water abundance. Lichen is an organism that is formed by the symbiotic association of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium and occurs as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree
Investigate the effect of changing the sugar concentration on the rate of respiration of yeast.
AIM: Investigate the effect of changing the sugar concentration on the rate of respiration of yeast. I am trying to find out about the products of alcoholic fermentation. I will plan a safe procedure that will let me find out about the effect of changing the sugar concentration on the rate of respiration of yeast. I will plan a fair test by keeping all the equipment the same because some may have a different rate of performance than others, which would make my experiment unfair. I will keep the concentration of yeast the same each time, because the same concentration of yeast will make sure it is fair. The concentration of yeast matters, as if more yeast is added; the quicker respiration will take place. Yeast contains an enzyme, and as the quantity of the yeast is increased, the enzyme would increase. As more yeast enzymes are present, it would result in more enzymes available for reaction. I will also use the same type of yeast each time as other species of yeast may act differently under the same conditions. The volume of yeast must be kept to a constant amount for each test because if the volume of yeast was not fairly measured out it could result in more or less reaction taking place with the sugar concentration. I will keep the same temperature of the water the same, as I know temperature is a factor that affects the rate of respiration. Temperature-if the
Heart Disease
Heart Disease Essay written by Samuel INTRODUCTION In today's society, people are gaining medical knowledge at quite a fast pace. Treatments, cures, and vaccines for various diseases and disorders are being developed constantly, and yet, coronary heart disease remains the number one killer in the world. The media today concentrates intensely on drug and alcohol abuse, homicides, AIDS and so on. What a lot of people are not realizing is that coronary heart disease actually accounts for about 80% of all sudden deaths. In fact, the number of deaths from heart disease approximately equals to the number of deaths from cancer, accidents, chronic lung disease, pneumonia and influenza, and others, COMBINED. One of the symptoms of coronary heart disease is angina pectoris. Unfortunately, a lot of people do not take it seriously, and thus not realizing that it may lead to other complications, and even death. THE HUMAN HEART In order to understand angina, one must know about our own heart. The human heart is a powerful muscle in the body which is worked the hardest. A double pump system, the heart consists of two pumps side by side, which pump blood to all parts of the body. Its steady beating maintains the flow of blood through the body day and night, year after year, non-stop from birth until death. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ slightly bigger than a person's clenched
