The theory of relativity and its use in Sci-Fi.
The Theory of Relativity and its use in Sci-Fi Abstract This investigation looks in to the different aspects of general and special relativity that has been used in science fiction movies. This report talks about the difficulties and possibilities of travelling at the speed of light (c), the different propulsion systems that could be used and how trecknology has changed the boundaries of physics in Hollywood features. Time travel also features looking at different theories behind it with a number of new ideas. The Foundations of relativity were set out in detail by Albert Einstein. The 'special' version of the theory, which applies to observers in a uniform relative motion, has led to a number of successful conclusions of a variety of effects. Newton's laws of motion give us a complete description of the behaviour of moving objects at low speeds (speed of objects much less than the speed of light). These laws being thought up in the 17th century, when the classical laws of dynamics where being formulated by other early physicists, these classical laws are themselves subject to a relativity principle. Einstein's special theory of relativity gives the motion of particles moving at close to the speed of light. It actually gives the motion of any particle. This does not however prove Newton wrong; his equations are within Einstein's relativistic equations. Einstein's theory
VO2 Max and Aerobic Power.
VO2 Max and Aerobic Power (Activity 26) The Introduction Oxygen is one of the vital elements of life because it acts as a fuel for aerobic respiration, which is the energy source in all organisms (the other fuel being glucose). Without energy from respiration, organisms simply die. As an organism (in this case me, a human) does work, it needs more energy. Thus it will need more fuel and particularly more oxygen since glucose can be stored in the body. The oxygen intake increases as the rate of work done increases, up to a limit known as your VO2 max. VO2 max is the maximum volume of oxygen uptake (hence the V in VO2) anyone can use. It is measured in millilitres per minute per kilogram of body mass (mlO2 min-1 kg-1). People who are more fit have higher VO2 max values and can exercise more intensely than those who are not very fit. Factors Affecting VO2 Max The physical limitations that restrict the rate at which energy can be released aerobically are dependent upon: > The chemical ability of the muscular cellular tissue system to use oxygen in breaking down fuels and, > The combined ability of cardiovascular and pulmonary systems to transport the oxygen to the muscular tissue system.1 The Aim VO2 max can be measured in a variety of ways1. The aim of this experiment is to find out the subjects VO2 max and then covert it to the total aerobic power output. The Method
Molecules and Energy Sysytems.
Nick Bayford AVCE SPORTS SCIENCE Molecules and Energy Sysytems The human body is very complex and for it to work properly many different nutrients are needed. Some of the nutrients are very basic and are only needed to give the body energy, but there are also nutrients that are needed so that reactions can take place in our bodies allowing them to function properly. Carbo-hydrates The main job of carbo-hydrates is to provide energy for cellular work. CHO also helps to process other nutrients. The most common form of CHO is glucose and an example of a glucose molecule is a monosaccharide ( a simple molecule which is small and travels easily through the blood system.) Monosaccharides can evolved by joinin together this process is known as polymerisation they form a disaccharide. When two monosaccharides join together (polymerisation) they form a disaccharide, a larger molecule which unlike a monosaccharide cannot be transported as easily and cannot be broken down as readily. This provides a longer supply of energy compared to a monosaccharide as it takes longer to break down. When these two monosaccharides join together they lose two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom in the reaction, atoms become water (H2O), when a molecule loses water in its reaction it is called a condensation reaction and synthesises a more complex
The Effectiveness of Different Solutions to Prevent or Treat Malaria
Issue Report: The Effectiveness of Different Solutions to Prevent or Treat Malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease commonly known in tropical and subtropical regions such as Sub Saharan, Africa, Asia and America. It is a potentially fatal blood disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. There are four types of plasmodium parasite that can infect humans and these are: Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariaecan. Malaria parasites are transmitted successively infecting two types of hosts: Female Anopheles mosquitos and humans. This is how the Malaria Life Cycle works: Bitten by a mosquito, during feeding, malaria parasites (sporozoites) leave the mosquito salivary gland and enter the human bloodstream. Then the malaria parasites enter the liver, infect the liver cells (hepatocytes) where they multiply into merozoites parasites. The liver cells eventually rupture and release more parasites in the blood. The parasites invade the red blood cells where they continue to multiply and develop to trophozoites and schizonts and rupture the cells. The blood stages cause the clinical symptoms of malaria. Some parasites enter the red blood cells and develop into male and female reproductive cells (termed gametocytes). The gametocytes are transferred to another mosquito when it feeds on the human. Then the
How does the Variety of plant species change between grassland and woodland?
How does the Variety of plant species change between grassland and woodland? Variation in plant species was investigated in grassland and woodland at Barrow house Derwentwater. It was predicted that there would be a higher variety of plants in the woodland. Random quadrats were taken in grassland area and in a woodland area. A significant difference was found in the variety of plants. It was found that there was a larger variety in the woodland than in the Grassland. 0/21/2010 How does the Variety of plant species change between grassland and Woodland? This investigation will focus on the variety of plant species. The purpose of this investigation will be to investigate the link between distribution of organisms and biotic/abiotic factors. There are approximately 1,500 species of native wild plants (excluding mosses, lichens and algae) in the British Isles and Ireland. This includes shrubs, grasses, sedges, rushes, ferns, horsetails and flowers. A native species is one which: * naturally grows in the wild and has not been planted or deliberately introduced by people * Has not been selectively bred or cultivated. Non-native (introduced) species are also found in the countryside but I expect that most of the species I find will be native. I expect that there will be different species of plants growing in the different areas, these might include; P. lanceolata is a
Investigation into the Effectiveness of Insulation at Preventing the Loss of Thermal Energy from the Home.
Investigation into the Effectiveness of Insulation at Preventing the Loss of Thermal Energy from the Home Aim I intend to find out which insulation is most effective at preventing thermal energy transfer in the home and also which is more cost-effective. I.E. which costs less to buy but makes a larger reduction in your heating bill. Introduction Thermal energy is usually transferred by:- Conduction: This is where thermal energy is conducted through a material. It does this because on one side of the material the air is hotter than on the other side. So, the thermal energy is conducted from an area of warm air to an area of cooler air. Materials that are good electrical conductors also tend to be good thermal conductors, like; Gold, Silver and copper. These will all readily conduct thermal energy as well as electrical energy. Materials like wood, that don't conduct electricity, are also poor conductors of thermal energy. Evaporation This is where the molecules of water that are hotter than the air outside the water rise up out of the liquid as a gas. These molecules take some of the thermal energy of the liquid with them so, evaporation can cool down the water. This also work on our body, as we sweat and the sweat evaporates our body is cooled by the evaporation because the thermal energy of our body is taken in the molecules of sweat. Convection This is where
In this experiment I plan to investigate the effect of adding ethanol to yeast as it is aerobically respiring, considering the volume of the waste gas produced.
PLANNING Yeasts are tiny, multicellular fungi that live on the surfaces of fruits and grains, or whatever sugars are plentiful. Yeasts can carry on either aerobic or anaerobic respiration to produce energy, depending upon conditions. In the absence of oxygen, yeast carries on anaerobic respiration, also known as fermentation. Less energy is released because sugar is only partially broken down. The products of yeast fermentation are carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. In bread-making, the bubbles of carbon dioxide produced by fermentation make the dough rise. The ethyl alcohol evaporates rapidly in the heat of the oven. Ethyl alcohol produced by fermentation is used in making alcoholic beverages and in many industrial processes. In the presence of oxygen, yeast carries on aerobic respiration. With favorable temperatures, (40-45°C), the cells reproduce rapidly as long as oxygen and sugar are present. As sugar molecules are broken down, with the help of enzymes present in yeast, much ATP energy is released. Carbon dioxide and water are produced as waste products. Hypothesis: In this experiment I plan to investigate the effect of adding ethanol to yeast as it is aerobically respiring, considering the volume of the waste gas produced. Prediction: I predict that as the concentration of ethanol in the solution increases, the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced will decrease.
Comparing Physical Fitness Between Male and Female-Implementing the Investigation
Implementing the Investigation Unit 8 Comparing Physical Fitness Between Male and Female Samiya Najib Introduction This part of the assignment is implementing the investigation mentioned in assignment 8.1. It will include the following: * Comparison of preliminary and final results * Calculation of fitness index for each subject * Calculation of BMI for each subject * Average titration results for male and female participants * Comparison of all calculations between male and female participants Results Preliminary Results Preliminary results were obtained after carrying out the proposed methods. These were carried out to acquire a rough estimate of the participant's level of fitness and what to improve in order to achieve accurate results. Male Name Harvard Step Test Sit & Reach Press ups Sit ups Brian -1.30 2-2.30 3-3.30 9cm 38 65 75 66 55 Vaidotas -1.30 2-2.30 3-3.30 2cm 25 90 70 61 45 Nilesh -1.30 2-2.30 3-3.30 25cm 26 23 74 61 32 Suhail -1.30 2-2.30 3-3.30 26cm 7 50 57 45 41 Female Natasha -1.30 2-2.30 3-3.30 29cm 2 84 50 40 38 Samiya -1.30 2-2.30 3-3.30 28cm 4 25 70 68 58 Sundus -1.30 2-2.30 3-3.30 8cm 3 2 76 68 56 Elizabeth -1.30 2-2.30 3-3.30 28cm 2 45 60 40 37 In order to improve these results, various improvements must be made for the final experiment. These include
To investigate how much energy (Kj) is stored in different types of peanuts and how much is released.
Title: to investigate how much energy (Kj) is stored in different types of peanuts and how much is released. Planning Background information: - The most common way to measure energy in a substance is to burn it. By using a relevant method and a formula, you can find out the amount of energy there is in peanuts. Heat produced by combustion of food (E) = m??t for the water in test tube. E represents energy, m is the mass of water which is determined from the volume. ? (theta) is the specified heat capacity of water, this is a standard value = 4.19J/g/°C, ?t stands for the change in the temperature of the water. So the amount of energy (E) in the heat gained by the water is given by the product of m×c×T. From my research, I found out that food factories use a bomb calorimeter which is very accurate and much easier to use. If a substance is burned in a calorimeter, its energy content can be determined. When food burns and heat is a known quantity of the water, the amount of heat given off by the food is theoretically equal to the amount of heat gained by the water. A calorie is the amount of thermal energy that raises the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius. A joule is a little less than one-quarter of a calorie. Peanuts are grown in Georgia, Brazil, South America and Asia, these are very hot continent; therefore peanuts absorb a lot of the suns energy in
Effects of temperature on the development of a bean plant.
Effects of temperature on the development of an organism Abstract Beans require a suitable temperature to germinate, one effect that temperature has is to regulate the rate at which enzymes digest their substrate. Temperature affects the kinetic energy at which particles collide. All enzymes have an optimum temperature at which the rate of reaction is at its fastest. If the temperature becomes too high the enzyme can become denatured preventing it from binding to its substrate. The results show that there is a significant correlation between temperature and the rate at which germination proceeds. Also the difference between the lines of best fit for broad beans grown at 20°C is close to that of beans grown at 25°C. The results do clearly show that there is a correlation between the temperature of the environment and the rate of germination. Introduction For a seed to successfully germinate there are several environmental factors which need to be met. These include: . An adequate supply of water 2. A suitable temperature 3. An appropriate partial pressure of oxygen 4. A suitable supply of light Water and Seed Germination Water is the crucial step in the activation of germination; it is responsible for activating the enzymes that stimulate the growth of the embryo. Once the enzymes have been activated the immature seed begins to consume the nutrients inside the
