What is macroeconomics?

Macroeconomics .1 What is macroeconomics? * Macroeconomics = economy as a whole, economic aggregates & relationships between them * Concerned with total levels of production, expenditure & income * Microeconomics = individual section of economy Reasons for studying microeconomics * Describe & explain economic events and trends * Predict direction of economy for the future * Described & measure economic welfare * Determine standard of living * Develop & apply policies to improve economic performance Three types of economics indicators * Leading indicator = predict change in economic activity before trend becomes evident - expectations of households and firms * Coincident indicator = move in line with level of economic activity * Lagging indicators = not expected to show any change until after trends - indicate how people reacted after changes in the economy .2 Output, income & expenditure aggregates Pg 7, 1.3 the circular flow model * Real flow = goods & services * Monetary flow = money * Resources exchanged for Income (Y) * Income earned spent on Consumption (C) of goods & services * Households Saving (S) lent to firms for Investment (I), which adds to further productive capacity * Taxation (T) used for Government Spending (G), to provide goods & services for community - current or capital * Imports (M) and Exports (X) Withdrawals & injections *

  • Word count: 6315
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Business Studies
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Australia has had one of the strongest economies in the world in recent years, more competitive, open and vibrant than ever.

Contents . Introduction 2 2. Methodology 2 3. Economic Objectives 2 3.1 Economic Growth 2 3.2 Internal Balance 3 3.2.1 Full Employment 3 3.2.2 Price Stability 3 3.3 External Balance 4 3.4 Standard of living 4 4. Economic Indicators 4 4.1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 5 4.2 Inflation 6 4.3 Unemployment 7 4.4 Current Account Deficit 8 5 Macroeconomic Policies 9 5.1 Monetary Policy 9 5.1.1 Monetary Policy at work in our economy 9 5.2 Fiscal Policy 10 6.2.1 Fiscal Policy at work in our economy 11 5.3 Effectiveness of Australia's Policy Mix 12 6. Economic Outlook for the future 14 6.1 Coincidental Indicators 14 6.2 Leading Indicators 14 6.2 Indicators relating to government objectives 15 7. Conclusion 15 8. Bibliography 17 . Introduction Australia has had one of the strongest economies in the world in recent years, more competitive, open and vibrant than ever. Australia's strong economic performance over the past decade has been rooted in strong growth, low interest rates and low inflation. It has also been the result of an aggressive and lively private sector, a skilled, flexible workforce, effective macro-economic management and on going micro-economic reform. This management and reform takes the physical form of government policies known as monetary and fiscal policy, and government initiatives relating to micro-economic reform. (Australia Now, 2003)

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Business Studies
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Transition Economies

Transition Economies There have been always different economics systems all over the world. Countries can be either free-market economies or command-planned economies. There are not pure free-market or command-planned economies in the world, only a few. These are just paradigms and most countries are mixed economies, economies with characteristics from the two extreme economic systems. The differences between the two economic systems are huge therefore if a country tried to transform itself from one system to another, some problems will be induced. An economic systems main function is to answer and solve the basic economic problem, resources in the world are scarce but wants are infinite. Resources will have to be allocated. Governments must figure out what to produce, how to produce it and for whom to produce. In an economic system there are different players each with a responsibility to the system. Each player's function in a command- planned economy is different from a free-market's one. Eastern European countries became command economies in the late 1940's and early 1950's after a communist takeover of their governments. In the early 1990's after communism fell, these economies started transforming themselves into market-orientated economies. This essay will try to analyze and evaluate the problems faced by ex command economies switching to a more free-market system.

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Business Studies
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Discuss the extent to which the economic theories in the Market's Reader can be applied to the "New Economy".

Q1-Discuss the extent to which the economic theories in the Market's Reader can be applied to the "New Economy". In this part of the question, I will describe the old and new Economy, after that I will point out the main characters of New Economy and what is different between NEW and Old Economy. later than, I will discuss the demand of knowledge, ideas, innovation, and individual creative destruction, change in market and competitive as the main resource needed to make economic prosperity. I will discuss Innovation reduce costs and improve product quality and how advances technology achieve the cost reduction and reserve the economic scale in good level. Finally I will apply the Economic theories in market reader. From around 1938 to 1974, the economy was built on a manufacturing base geared in the direction of standardized production (It was manual labor). It was organized into stable, hierarchical and generally high-handed organizations. These organizations achieved a competitive edge in the market by making standardized products faster and more economically. They focused on incremental cost reductions and a national marketplace. In addition, that how this organization success and achieved there ogles in most courtiers, for example textile and steel industry. That kind of economic start to collapse during the mid-70s and the early 90s. The crisis included both

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Business Studies
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From an economic perspective should my council do more to recycle a greater proportion of our waste

From an economic perspective should my council do more to encourage my household to recycle a greater proportion of our waste? For my economic coursework, I will attempt to answer to the question above. In order to do this, we need to explain various terminologies and need to carry out research by analysing collected data to be able to draw a conclusion. Prior to this, we need to answer the key question of: 'What is recycling?' Recycling is when a substance (usually waste) is passed through a process so the substance can be reused, for a different purpose or even the same. So now the question of: 'Where and what substances can be recycled locally?'Within the local council called Epsom and Ewell, there are facilities provided such as kerbside services, which are services available at the residents' doorsteps. These include recycling of: food waste, white paper, glass, cans, textiles, household batteries, plastic bottles, cardboard, and garden waste. There are other services such as recycling centres, home composting, washable nappies, recycling of furniture and bulky items. My family consists of six people who all live in this household. My parents are the people in the household who manage the waste. Fundamental economic terms that I will use will now be explained as follows. Market failure occurs when productive, allocative and therefore economic and Pareto efficiency are

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Business Studies
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Managerial Performance and the Need for Data.

Managerial Performance and the Need for Data All the economic actors active in a market consider and analyze permanently the evolution of the business cycle by using available data in order to make rational choices in their business decision. In other words, the decision making relies in all its phases and in all circumstances on data, here including statistical data. Managers, entrepreneurs and businessmen use data aiming at: - Understanding their company (their department as part of the company) and their business environment (business risks and opportunities in the domestic and international market) - Solving disturbances in the functioning of their company - Improving the performance of their business. To this end, they build mental models by answering questions like: - How is my business (department or company) doing now? - How has it done in the past? What were the highest and the lowest performance in the past and where is my business now as compared to the historical maximum and minimum level of performance? - At what levels could I perform in terms of sales, profits, investments, number of personnel, opening towards the international market, etc? - How are my competitors doing in the domestic and/or in the international market? - Etc, etc. Answering questions like the above mentioned ones, a business professional makes use of: - Primary data from the day

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Business Studies
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The project objective is to investigate the practices of privatization in traditional market economies and the evaluation of their performances, by examining the telecommunication industry, more specifically SingTel.

Project Objective The project objective is to investigate the practices of privatization in traditional market economies and the evaluation of their performances, by examining the telecommunication industry, more specifically SingTel. 2 Market Economy and Government's Role 2.1 Market Economy A market economy is an economy that operates by the "invisible hand". Producers and consumers are left to make their own choices regarding production and purchase of product quantity, variety and price. i.e. The economy operates by supply and demand forces, without intervention. This economy is in direct opposite of a Command Economy, where government committees determine the quantity, variety, and prices of production of goods. As perfect information do not exist in any economies, these central decisions will cause the maximum social benefits to decrease, causing a deadweight loss, because the decisions may not match supply to demand. Following such arguments, it seems that government intervention causes economy to function less efficiently. However, government has a role to play even in a market economy. 2.2 The Role of Government Governments in market economies play critical roles in providing the economic conditions in which the marketplace of private enterprise can function most effectively. To name a few, firstly, basic infrastructure for any industries which no producers

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Business Studies
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Selecting international modes of entry and expansion

Selecting international modes of entry and expansion The rapid globalization of business in the last two decades has prompted an increasing number of firms to develop strategies to enter and expand into markets outside their home locations. Dynamic, emerging markets in Asia and Latin America, as well as large, stable markets in North America, Europe, and Japan now attract both small and large companies from around the world. But once a firm has decided to enter or expand in a foreign market, it must determine the structural nature of its operations in that nation. Recognizing the huge potential market size, a US firm in the pharmaceutical industry recently decided to make a major new thrust into China. A manager from the company stated: We wanted to export several lines of pharmaceuticals into China. However, their government wanted us to manufacture within the country in some kind of cooperative arrangement with a local firm ... Technology transfer for market share is the name of the game. So we decided to set up a joint venture with a local firm. Selecting an institutional arrangement - a mode for entering or expanding in a foreign market - is one of the most crucial strategic decisions that an international firm has to make (Root, 1994). A well-chosen mode can enable a firm to gain competitive advantage. However, inappropriate modal decisions are difficult to change

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Business Studies
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Credit cards industry in Australia.

CREDIT CARD INDUSTRY IN AUSTRALIA TABLE OF CONTENTS . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 2. INTRODUCTION 4 3. CURRENT OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 5 3.1 Market Share-Credit Card Companies 5 3.2 Market Share-Credit Card Issuers (Banks) 6 4. DEMAND AND ITS DETERMINANTS 6 4.1 Interest Rates 6 4.2 Interest Rates (Substitutes) 7 4.3 Disposable Income 7 4.4 Preferences 7 5. SUPPLY AND ITS DETERMINANTS 7 5.1 Impact of Sponsoring Major Events 8 5.2 Technology 8 5.3 Economic Recession and Growth 8 5.4 Prospective New Entrants 9 6. HOW DO CREDIT CARD SYSTEMS COMPETE 9 6.1 The Four Party card scheme fee flow chart 10 6.2 Competition within the scheme (Interchange Fees) 10 6.3 The Game Theory 12 6.4 Competitiors within the scheme (Annual fees & Interest Payments) 13 6.5 Oligopoly and Duopoly 14 6.6 Barriers to Entry 14 7. CURRENT ISSUES IN AUSTRALIA CREDIT CARD INDUSTRY 15 7.1 Credit Cards Surge in Users 15 7.2 Credit Card Surge in Transactions 15 7.3 Debts and Bankruptcies 15 7.4 Surcharges for Credit Card Usages 16 8. FUTURE OUTLOOK 16 8.1 Cost and Acceptance 16 8.2 Price Efficiency and Merchants Acceptance 17 8.3 Consumers and Credit Cardholders 17 8.4 Control Measures and Policies 18 9. THE

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Business Studies
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The Economic Impact of the London 2012 Olympics

Running Head: THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE LONDON 2012 OLYMPICS The Economic Impact of the London 2012 Olympics [Name of the writer] [Name of the institution] The Economic Impact of the London 2012 Olympics Intr?ducti?n Th? ?v?lu?ti?n ?f th? ?c?n?mic imp?rt?nc? ?f th? ?lympic? t? ? h??t city, it? r?gi?n ?nd c?untry h?? b?c?m? ?n imp?rt?nt ??p?ct ?f th? ?v?r?ll ?v?lu?ti?n ?f th? v?lu? ?r w?rth ?f h??ting th? ?lympic G?m??. Th??? ?v?lu?ti?n? ?r? ?ft?n kn?wn ?? ?c?n?mic imp?ct ??????m?nt? ?r r?p?rt?, ?nd ?r? incr???ingly b?ing u??d in th? ??rly ?t?g?? ?f th? ?lympic bidding pr?c???1. It i? vit?lly imp?rt?nt th?t th? h??t city ?nd th? ?rg?ni?ing c?mmitt?? in th? h??t city ?r? ?w?r? ?f th? ?c?l? ?f th? ?c?n?mic b?n?fit? th?t h??ting th? G?m?? m?y bring. Thi? ?ll?w? th? G?m?? t? b? pr?m?t?d in th? l?c?l c?nt?xt ?? bringing ?ignific?nt b?n?fit? t? th? l?c?l ?c?n?my ?? w?ll ?? pr?viding th? ?rg?ni?ing c?mmitt?? with th? ?c?l? ?f b?n?fit? ?? th?t it c?n h?v? ?n impr?v?d und?r?t?nding ?f h?w l?rg? th? c??t? ?f bidding f?r ?nd h??ting th? g?m?? ?h?uld b?. ?? Br?wn ?nd M????y (2001:26) n?t?, h??ting th? ?lympic? h?? n?t ?lw?y? br?ught fin?nci?l r?w?rd. Th? 1972 Munich ?lympic? ?nd 1976 M?ntr??l ?lympic? m?d? l????? ?f £178 milli?n ?nd £692 milli?n. Th? 1984 L?? ?ng?l?? ?lympic? ?nd th? 1992 B?rc?l?n? ?lympic? m?d? ?urplu??? ?f £215 milli?n ?nd £2 milli?n. Thi? incr????d ?c?n?mic

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Business Studies
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