As summer approached, so didbeauty. Exotic flowers sprung out from every corner. Colourful insectsshimmered over the lush green plants and trees. Sun chairs had been placedstrategically around the lawn so the occupant always had the perfect pos...
As summer approached, so did beauty. Exotic flowers sprung out from every corner. Colourful insects shimmered over the lush green plants and trees. Sun chairs had been placed strategically around the lawn so the occupant always had the perfect position for to catch the sun. My Grandparent's garden was unintentionally divided into four sections, the conservatory and patio being my Grandma's favourite. In the corner of the patio proudly stood the main feature of the garden. The barbeque. It yearned for mouth-watering smells, delicious foods and hungry friends and family members to surround it. There were randomly scattered deck chairs, none of them matching and a border of smiley, tropical flowers. As the decking was the family area, the large, highly polished, table was over crowded with as many chairs as possible. There were often family meals and special occasions, such a wedding anniversaries, birthdays and Easter Sunday lunch, on and around the decking. During the day, the lawn was beaten and stamped, by children's rushing feet. During the night, the grass was tickled by fox paws, and laced with diamond dewdrops the next morning. The other area, my favourite, was my Grandpa's. He would sit for hours with a book in one hand, a cigar in the other and a small glass of Scotch whisky resting on the weathered arm of the bench. The black chimniere bellowed hot smoke, which
Who gained more from Yalta and Potsdam?
Page 59 of thick textbook: Which side gained the most from the Yalta and Potsdam conferences? Explain your answer. (10 Marks) The Yalta and Potsdam conferences in 1945 highlighted the difference in political ideologies between the Soviet Union and Britain and America. The conferences as catalysed the breakdown of the marriage of convenience that existed between the Capitalists and the Communists as well as marking the start of the Soviet's rule over Eastern Europe. The Lublin Poles' occupation of Eastern European countries gave Stalin an undeniable amount of power in addition to intimidating the Capitalists. It could be argued that Truman's success in blocking many of Stalin's policies showed the power the president had over the Red Army's leader. Truman prevented Stalin from imposing severe reparations upon Germany, which could be seen to show his influence at the conference hence making the Capitalists dominant at Potsdam. Stalin's leverage at Potsdam however, was far greater as he gained total control over Eastern Europe, this marked the start of Stalin's policy of expansionism which grew in force and area throughout the Cold War. The Lublin Poles' victory was a major political triumph over the Capitalists which proved the Soviet's influence which would be a prominent part of global history for years to come. The Americans' development of the Atomic bomb was not
Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a turning point in Cold War Relations?
Alvin Nelson History Mr Englefield Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a turning point in Cold War relations? The Cuban missile crisis had relieved the tensions and possibilities of a nuclear war between the two superpowers. The USA had attempted to destroy Castro’s regime, with the April 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion where 1,400 Cuban rebels attempted to invade the island. The USSR had come to the aid of Cuba, providing nuclear missiles aimed at major cities in USA. The USA ordered a naval blockade to prevent Soviet ships from transporting the missiles to Cuba. The threat of a nuclear war was apparent and eventually the two superpowers made an agreement stating the removal of the US missile sites in Turkey in exchange for the USSR missile sites in Cuba, aborting the possibility of nuclear annihilation. The two superpowers were at the brink of a nuclear holocaust but the crisis made them realise the policy of brinkmanship was dangerous so they abandoned it, which is why the crisis is viewed as a turning point. The crisis had also improved US-USSR relations. USA and the USSR were prepared to avoid a future crisis after they realised the policy of brinkmanship nearly caused a nuclear war. A telephone hotline was set up between the White House and the Kremlin to provide swift communication and in August 1963, a Test-Ban treaty was signed, outlawing the test of nuclear weapons.
Explain why Soviet & Warsaw pact forces invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968 (12)
Explain why Soviet & Warsaw pact forces invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968 (12) In 1968 Dubcek challenged the communist leadership in Czechoslovakia, and reformed Czechoslovakia’s policies, starting the Prague Spring. This lead to the Soviet and Warsaw pact forces eventually invading Czechoslovakia, due to fears that Czechoslovakia would move away from communism due to legalisation of opposition political groups, less censorship leading to a fear of weakened Soviet rule, and the reform of allowing political criticism. The most important reason for the Soviet and Warsaw pact forces invading Czechoslovakia in 1968 was due to Dubcek’s reforms that lead to the legalisation of opposition political groups. By allowing opposition groups, the USSR feared that if communism proved to be unpopular despite Dubcek’s reforms there was the possibility that the opposition groups which were legalised would be able to gain the public’s support, and could lead to an implementation of a capitalist rather than communist government in Czechoslovakia. An implementation of a new government would mean that the USSR would lose one of its satellite states, and have its overall influence on surrounding countries reduced, at the same time increasing the USA’s capitalist influence. The fears of Soviet influence being reduced was increased by the fact that Dubcek’s reforms lead to less
Explain why relations between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia changed in the later 1960s
Explain why relations between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia changed in the later 1960’s On the 20th of August 1968, troops and tanks from the Soviet Union and other members of the Warsaw pact invaded Czechoslovakia. This brought an immediate change in relations between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia and was due to increasing opposition to communism within Czechoslovakia, leading to reforms under Dubcek, and the reactions of Moscow to these reforms. The first reason for a change in relations was the growth of opposition in Czechoslovakia to Soviet control. This was due to what the Soviet Union had done in 1948, they murdered Jan Masaryk. Once Jan was killed the elections were rigged and they put Antonin Novotny in power from 1957. Antonin was very unpopular amongst the Czech’s as he was a hard-line communist who followed closely in the Soviet Union’s footsteps and wouldn’t introduce reform no matter what the Czech’s wanted. He was very slow to flow Khrushchev’s destalinization policy but he took much longer to release political prisoners who were jailed because of Stalin. This all caused more people to oppose the Soviet Union. Moreover the Soviets were concerned because: they didn't want the new ideas from Czechoslovakia to spread, Czechoslovakia was becoming closer to West Germany and industrial relations between West Germany and Czechoslovakia were
What were the key features of the Six Day War?
Transfer-Encoding: chunked The Six Day War of 1967 proved the military dominance of Israel, as they were able to destroy 90% of Egypt’s air force while it was still grounded, and achieve aerial control within 2 days. This is one of the examples of the heightening of tensions in Arab-Israeli tensions, as both sides were mobilising for an attack before Israel launched the pre-emptive strike on the 5 May 1967. The Israelis were able to defeat all of the Arab neighbours in 6 days, proving the dominance of the Israeli military. This links to how conflict further worsened, as can be seen through the events of the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, showing how Arab-Israeli relations worsened further. This was a sort of last effort by the Arabs to defeat Israel, and was much more closely fought, showing how relations changed in that the strength of the Arab forces was now much more comparable to the Israelis. However, after the defeat at Chinese Farm on the 15th of October 1973, the Arabs were again pushed back, and the Israeli forces came within 100km of Cairo. This links to how Israeli and Arab relations somewhat improved, as they seeked a resolution from this form of conflict, as can be seen by the Camp David Agreements of 1978. This may have been because it was now evident that Israel could not be defeated through war. In this, Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat were able to sign
What are the key features of the Arab Israeli War 1948-50
Transfer-Encoding: chunked One key feature of the Arab-Israeli War of 1948-49 was the reason that it happened. The British had left Palestine in August of 1947, and had handed back the mandate to the UN. This led to the drawing up of the UN Partition Plan, which split the state of Palestine roughly 50/50, with the Jews obtaining the fertile coastal land, as well as the port of Jaffa, while the Arabs took the infertile Negev Desert and the Golan Height. The partition plan passed in the UN, although all Arab states voted against it. On the 14th of May 1948, David Ben-Gurion, leader of the Jewish Agency, announced the formation of the state of Israel, and on the 15th of May, the Arab countries attacked, refusing to recognise the state’s existence. This links to what happened in the war itself, after the immediate attack by the Arabs. Initially, the war was very close, but after 2 weeks, Bernadotte from the UN called a truce. During this time, Israel was able to receive the weapons it had ordered from Czechoslovakia, from Skoda. These weapons were very effective, and after the truce had ended with the assassination of Bernadotte, the Arabs were easily pushed back. The Arab were united under the command of King Abdullah of Jordan, but it was apparent that the Arab states were fighting for their own gain rather than the greater good of the Arab states. Therefore, even though
Hitler's Foreign Policies and the Outbreak of War.
Foreign Policies Did Hitler achieve his all his aims? Adolf Hitler aimed to destroy the hated Versailles settlement, build up the army, recover lost territory such as the Saar and the Polish Corridor, and bring all Germans within the Reich by creating Lebensraum. Hitler wanted the Polish Corridor because it would mean the country would be divided in two and there were lots of Germans there like in Sudetenland. He wanted Rhineland because he wanted to destroy the Versailles agreement. He wanted Austria because he was an Austrian and there were 8million German speakers there. His aims occurred due to Nazi ideology that the treaty was bad, Aryan race was the best, communism was bad and Jews were bad. He achieved all of his aims because he had destroyed the Versailles settlement by invading Rhineland in 1936, invading Poland in 1939 and breaking the Anschluss by invading Austria in 1938. This meant that all that Hitler wanted he got without any hindrance because Britain only wanted peace so they did not react and France did not want to start another war as they were still recovering. This also allowed Hitler to gain a lot of confidence. Did Hitler’s policies cause the war? Most of Hitler’s policies did not contribute to causing the war because when Hitler tried to conquer Austria in 1934 by political pressure no one reacted. When Hitler invaded Rhineland in 1936 Britain
How far do you agree with the view in this source about the causes of the Korean war? (6 marks) This source is very one-sided as it was written by the British historian; Desmond Donnelly, 1965
How far do you agree with the view in this source about the causes of the Korean war? (6 marks) This source is very one-sided as it was written by the British historian; Desmond Donnelly, 1965. It suggests to us that Stalin is making Russia have power over North Korea and that he is the reason the Korean war broke out but doesn't suggest opposite sides (USA, South). Provenance is very important in this text because at the time 'Struggle for the world' was published - the Korean war had ended - but the Cold war was still going on. The source has no mention of the USA joining the war- but because the source was written by the USA's allies at the time then it is no surprise. There was the whole fear of communism spreading but also the oppertunity to undermine communism. The USA siezed for an oppertunity to make communism look weak and took it very willingly, especially if it meant that they could compete indirectly with the USSR. The timing of when this text was written is vital - the USA were still very cold towards the USSR because of the whole idea of comunism spreading; the dominoe effect. China had just turned communist and this made the USA very scared that the dominoe effect may actually happen. There was no mention of rivalry between the USA and USSR. Basically, the objective of this propaganda is to make the Britains believe that Stalin and comunism are the
Who won the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Who won the Cuban Missile Crisis: By Daniel Koffi Nana-Klouvi, 10S October 1962, saw the world on the brink of a Nuclear War which was thankfully avoided. One of the consequences of this was that both sides wished to get that close again, and it left Kennedy and America as the winners in the eyes of most independent spectators. Hence, both powers played key roles prior and after the Cuban Missile Crisis however, Kennedy and America superficially came out the crisis better whereas in contrast to Soviet Premiere Khrushchev; things didn’t seem to come out with the result what he exactly wanted. Firstly Russian Missiles were removed from Cuba on 28th October 1962. This had been the ‘’crux’’ of the whole incident. America felt vulnerable with The Soviets having missile based on a friendly country that were in striking range of nearly all American cities. Thus it helped America and its people feel safer. It appeared to the world that Khrushchev had backed down and had conceded all the key points to Kennedy. Another example of American victory was Kennedy’s ability to keep the agreement that would remover her missiles in Turkey. As a result it appeared to the world that Kennedy had conceded nothing. In the absence of any actual fighting between America and the Soviet Union the ability to win prestige was doubly important. Although Kennedy superficially came out of