An experiment to investigate the species diversity in non-trampled and trampled areas.
An experiment to investigate the species diversity in non-trampled and trampled areas. ABSTRACT My investigation concerns all plants found in the grass and was carried out to find the difference in the species diversity in non-trampled and trampled areas. The data was collected on the Wimbledon and Putney commons in two exact places relatively close together. The alternative hypothesis predicts a correlation between the diversity of species on trampled and non-trampled areas. To collect data to support or dismiss the hypothesis, I first performed a preliminary investigation. A 20m tape measure was set out across the trampled area and at every 2m interval (2m, 4m, 6m etc) a 0.25m2 quadrat was laid down and the species counted. In the same quadrat a measurement of soil depth was taken. This was carried out by pushing a knitting needle into the soil in the middle of the quadrat with a thumb. This method was repeated in exactly the same way in the non-trampled area. The results were that there was no significant difference between the species diversity in trampled and non-trampled areas. A MannWhitney 'U' test was used to find the correlation, the critical value for n1 was 10 and the same for n2, the smallest 'U' value was less than 23, which meant that the null hypothesis was accepted. INTRODUCTION I went to Wimbledon and Putney common on a cold, wet and windy day the
Lab- Response Time
Response Time Aim: To investigate whether the age of a human affects the reaction time. Introduction: Reaction time refers to the response of an organism to a stimulus, i.e. a factor leading to an organism reacting in some way. The average reaction time for a human is 0.200 to 0.250 seconds. This difference in reaction time varies from person to person due to various factors such as Age, Gender, Time, Environmental conditions, etc. Age being the most suitable factor, was chosen for the experiment. A stimulus is detected by the eye and is transmitted to the brain in the form of a nerve impulse. This impulse is interpreted by the brain which sends another impulse to the muscles in order to respond appropriately. This process is slow for aging people as well as humans below the age of 10 while are comparatively faster for people in the age group of 10-25. Hypothesis: I hypothesize that humans who belong to age group 10- 25, will have a lesser reaction time when compared to humans belonging to the age groups :- below 10 and above 25. Plan Variables Dependent Independent Controlled * Response Time * Age of human conducting experiment * Time of day * Apparatus(ruler) * Gender Apparatus: - * 1 x 30 cm ruler * 'Distance of ruler drop to Reaction time' Conversion graph * Results table * Stool Fig 1 Conversion graph Fig 2 Method . Collect apparatus as shown
Animal Testing
Is Animal Testing/Research Necessary for Advancing in Medicine? Introduction: Animal testing involves using non-human animals for scientific procedures. Animal research can be used for a number of things such as developing new drugs to improve health, learning about animals and the human body, aiding scientific advances and ensuring other products do not harm humans. Vaccinations against diseases like polio, rabies, measles, mumps and rubella were developed because they were tested on animals. Also the development of open-heart surgery and organ transplants depended on operations done on animals. In 2006 approximately two million animals were used in procedures. Animals that are normally used in tests and experiments include: rats, mice, rabbits, monkeys, guinea-pigs, cats, dogs, fish, birds, pigs, horse, sheep and hamsters. This pie chart shows the types of animals used in procedures. A large proportion of experiments are conducted on mice. (1) Those who are extremely against animal testing (animal rights activists) would refer to it as 'vivisection'. This means the 'cutting up of animals'. They refer to animal testing being morally wrong and cruel. However this is just one view, others are not so against animal testing. Others may believe that animal testing is necessary for some purposes for example medicinal purposes yet not for beauty products. Methods of
