In order to find out the exact concentration of sulphuric acid, I will have to make up a standard solution of sodium carbonate, which later on can be used to titrate the acid. Titrations
Acid-Base Titrations One of the best ways to determine concentration of an acid is by titration. I will be given a small sample of sulphuric acid, which has a concentration between 0.0500 and 0.150mol dm-3 and from that I will have to work out its precise concentration. Also I will be given solid anhydrous sodium carbonate and methyl orange indicator. In order to find out the exact concentration of sulphuric acid, I will have to make up a standard solution of sodium carbonate, which later on can be used to titrate the acid. Sodium Carbonate Solution In order to prepare standard solution of 0.100mol dm-3 sodium carbonate, I need to work out its specific mass. In another words I need to find out specific mass of solid sodium carbonate which can be dissolved in 0.250dm-3 of water, to produce an exact concentration of 0.100mol dm-3. Firstly I will find out the relative molecular mass of sulphuric acid: Relative molecule mass of Na2CO3: Na is 23, C is 12, O is 16 ? of moles = volume × concentration ? of moles = 0.10 × 0.25 = 0.025 moles Mass = ? of moles × relative molecular mass Mass = 0.025×106=2.650g This means that 2.650 of solid anhydrous sodium carbonate has to be used. Titration Theory Since this reaction involves and acid/base, than there will be a transfer of an electron; the acid donates a proton to the base. In general this type of reaction
I am part of a small chemical company who are attempting to sell Epsom Salts TM. I need to find out how to produce Epsom Salts at different speeds so can inform my company how to make Epsom SaltsTM at the fastest rate.
Aim: I am part of a small chemical company who are attempting to sell Epsom Salts TM. I need to find out how to produce Epsom Salts at different speeds so can inform my company how to make Epsom Salts TM at the fastest rate. Research I must present my company with research about salts and rates of reaction to improve our knowledge, essential for a successful investigation. Salts are ionic compounds formed from the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms of an acid by metal atoms. Salts are usually crystalline at room temperature. Epsom salts is the common name for magnesium sulphate heptahydrate MgSO47H2O, a water-soluble bitter tasting compound that occurs as white or colourless needle shaped crystals. It is used in leather tanning, mordant dying, fire proofing. Epsom salts is used medicinally as a purgative (a laxative). A Reaction between an acid with a metal can form salts: Acid + Metal Salt + Hydrogen To form the salt magnesium sulphate, the company Epsom Salts TM has to react magnesium with sulphuric acid. The equation to make Epsom salts is: Sulphuric acid + Magnesium Hydrogen + Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate H2SO4 (l) + M (s) H2 (g) + SO4M (s) This is an ionic bond because the metal (magnesium) loses its electrons from its outer shell to form positive ions. The
Investigation into Osmosis
Investigation into Osmosis Introduction: Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a high to low water concentration across a membrane which will let water through but not the solute dissolved in the water. The amount of water they contain affects their stiffness, more water-stiffer, less-limper. Plants in soil have their roots in a dilute solution of mineral ions. When they are suddenly flooded by sea water, whose concentration is approximately 0.3 moles of NaCl per litre, they are observed to shrink and wilt, becoming floppy. I intend to investigate why this sudden floppiness occurs by using potato chips as plant cells and investigating their response to different strengths of salt solutions. Prediction: The expected result of the practical would be that the 0.2mol concentration of NaCl would not really increase or decrease the mass of the potato chip in it because it had been submerged in a similar solution. Also there should not be any change in the turgidity of this chip as no more water molecules are leaving or entering the chip. The other chips in different concentrations of NaCl had expected results as well. Below are the expected trend of results for all of the values use, 0.0(distilled water), 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 (0.2 concentration has already been accounted for) 0.0 Concentration of NaCl: (Distilled water- water potential 100%) Here the expected results
Investigating the kinetics involved in the reaction of metals with acids.
PLAN Background In this coursework, I will be investigating the kinetics involved in the reaction of metals with acids. I will be concentrating on two aspects of the reaction, the order and activation energy of the reaction. I will be studying whether the order of the reaction changes with the type of acid used, and also the effect the type of acid used has on the activation energy. The order of a reaction shows how the reaction rate is affected by the concentrations of the reactants. Considering the equation shown below. A + B + C --> D If the order is zero with respect to reactant A, the rate is unaffected by changes in concentration of A. If the order is one with respect to reactant B, the rate is doubled by doubling the concentration of reactant B. Finally, if order is two with respect to a reactant C, the rate is quadrupled by doubling the concentration of C. Therefore, the overall order of the reaction is given by adding the orders. Rate = k[A]0[B]1[C]2 = 0 + 1 + 2 = 3 The rate constant of the reaction is k. The reaction rate can only be calculated from experimental values. Therefore, in this investigation I will be plotting a concentration/time graph to show the overall order of the acid-metal reaction. The shape of the graph will indicate the order by measuring the half-life of the reactant. The shapes of graphs for zero, one and second order
Determine the best method that will create the cheapest, but largest quantity of Epsom salts in the quickest amount of time.
AIM My group and I are members of a small chemical company that are going in to business to produce Epsom salts. (Information on Epsom salts can be found in 'background information). Our company name is 'The Epsom Company'. In order to be the best company we have to ensure the Epsom salts we produce are a good quality. But despite this we are also looking to make a profit and so cost must be as limited as possible. We will need to pay strict attention to the cost of apparatus and equipment and aim to use a minimum amount of chemicals to produce the maximum amount of Epsom salts. Time is also an issue and the least time spent means more Epsom salts and more money. In this experiment we will try to determine the best method that will create the cheapest, but largest quantity of Epsom salts in the quickest amount of time. BACKGROUND INFORMATION (obtained through research) Epsom salts is an over-the-counter (OTC) medicine and has several uses. The mineral product is used as a very effective foot soak, easing muscles, soothing the rough patches and absorbing odours. It can also be used as a bath enhancer in warm water for a soothing soak that can reduce stress. You can also massage Epsom salts over wet skin to cleanse, exfoliate and soften rough spots. It can also be used as a pain reliever to reduce the swelling from scrapes, take the sting out of insect bites or even remove
Heat transfer - We travelled to the McDonalds in Notting Hill Gate hoping to find out how McDonalds packaged their food so that it can remain hotter for longer but it turns out that they were not interested in packaging food in terms of heat loss.
Heat transfer coursework AVCE SCIENCE Unit 4 Introduction We travelled to the McDonalds in Notting Hill Gate hoping to find out how McDonalds packaged their food so that it can remain hotter for longer but it turns out that they were not interested in packaging food in terms of heat loss. McDonalds were more interested on which material would be the cheapest and would look nicer if it had the McDonalds logo printed on it. They were also very interested in the design of the package, which is designed in such a way to guarantee that the product receives the customer in high quality. However referring to their graph (refer to graph labelled Q P C Patty overview) when they used polystyrene packaging it helped keep the food hotter for longer because it was a good insulator because it had holes, which air would fill and air is a bad conductor. The quick wrap was slightly better than the wrap, which is just papering it kept the food hotter than the usual wrap. So what we found out is that the thick layers of polystyrene insulate heat best therefore keeping food warm for longer. I decided to investigate this by conducting a test with different thicknesses of polystyrene to see how many layers does it take to insulate the best. In other words polystyrene has a higher thermal conductivity than usual paper wrapping. So we decided to set up an experiment to see what exactly
Investigate the factors, which affects how quickly Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid.
Investigate the factors, which affects how quickly Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid. Rate of Reactions Aim The aim of this experiment is to find out how different variables affect the rate at which the reaction between Marble chips (CaCO3) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) takes place. There are many variables that affect the rate of this reaction such as the following: . Temperature 2. Concentration 3. Surface area In my investigation I will be testing how changing the concentration of the Hydrochloric acid, the surface area of the marble chips and the temperature have an effect on the speed of the reaction. I will do various experiments and then evaluate the results and come to a conclusion. The reaction that will take place is CaCO3 + 2HCL = CaCl2 + H2O +CO2 Hydrochloric acid + Calcium Carbonate =Calcium Chloride + Water + Carbon dioxide Prediction My plan is to investigate three factors that could affect the rates of reaction. These factors are - Surface Area of calcium carbonate, Temperature of the water in the flask of hydrochloric acid is placed and the concentration of the hydrochloric acid. In the surface area experiment I predict that I change (increase) the surface area of calcium carbonate, the reaction rates will increase, e.g. Larger the surface area the faster it will react with acid. My plan is to use large lumps of
Establish what types of soil holds the most water and to see if changing a certain variable such as the ph value of the water has any effect on how much water each type of soil will hold.
Aim The aim of the experiment is to establish what types of soil holds the most water and to see if changing a certain variable such as the ph value of the water has any effect on how much water each type of soil will hold. Background Information Many factors might affect the absorbency of soil, some affecting only certain types of soil in particular. For example the obvious influences such as the amount of soil and the amount of water added to it will certainly limit how much water the soil can hold and the amount able to pass through. However, there are also other less apparent aspects that might also have an effect on the limit of water different soils can hold. For example the size of the soil particles might have an influence because if the soil is in large chunks that leaves gaps in between them then the water may just filter straight through so little is absorbed by the soil. On the other hand, if the soil is in a fine grained sand this might trap the water because there is little space between the particles causing a lot to be absorbed. Foreign bodies in the soil such as debris, small pieces of litter, chunks of clay or rocks and even the amount of glass wool used may also effect the absorbency by either blocking the funnel so that the outlet is blocked causing the water to be trapped in the filter under the soil with soil floating on top - though the water is not
Antacid Experiment.
Antacid Experiment Planning Experimental Procedures Our aim of this experiment is to find out which antacid tablet works the best. In this project we were trying to find out how the speed at which an ordinary indigestion tablet will dissolve when it comes into contact with Hydrochloric Acid, which is more commonly found in the stomach. We already know that the formula for the reaction that takes place is: 2HCl + CaCo3 = CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O Acid indigestion is when you eat a lot of acidic food and drinks, so your stomach becomes acidic and causes pain. Antacid tablets are tablet, which are strong alkalis, and so when you swallow them, the tablets neutralise the acid. Stomachs contain hydrochloric acid. It breaks down the chemicals in food. If too much is eaten some of the acid washes up into the oesophagus causing pain due to the acid corroding the lining. This is commonly known as indigestion. Indigestion tablets are bases (the opposite of acids) and so when the two substances come into contact they neutralize each other. This stops the lining of the oesophagus from being damaged and so the pain subsides. Word and Formula Equations for the antacid tablet Settlers Superdrug and Rennie Rap-eze (fruit flavour). Calcium carbonate (s) + Hydrochloric acid (aq) --> Calcium Chloride (aq) + Carbon Dioxide (g) + Water (l) Ca CO3(s) + 2 HCl (aq) --> Ca Cl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
Analysing the ethanoic acid concentration in different types of vinegars.
Analysing the ethanoic acid concentration in different types of vinegars. Vinegar is a mixture of various acids, ethanoic acid being the most abundant. Most vinegars are made from a sugary liquid, this liquid is fermented to produce ethanol and then oxidised to form ethanoic acid. Different vinegars use different sugary liquids and this could lead to variation between the vinegars. My aim in this investigation is to discover whether the concentration of ethanoic acid varies between vinegars. Vinegar consists mostly of water (bp = 100 degrees C) and ethanoic acid but it also contains many flavour components and other acids in low abundances. From my research I have discovered that the main acids in Vinegar are: Citric Acid C6H8O7 mp = +153 degrees C Tartaric Acid C4H6O6 mp = +170 degrees C Malic Acid C4H6O5 mp = +101-103 degrees C Succinic Acid C4H6O4 mp = +183 bp = +235 degrees C Ethanoic Acid C2H4O2 mp = +16.6 bp = +117.9 degrees C Phosphoric Acid H3O4P mp = +158 degrees C Proponic Acid C3H6O2 bp = + 141 degrees C Due to all the other acids contained in vinegar I will
