Investigate how the amount of heat produced by burning a fuel depends on the mass of fuel burned.
SKILL AREA P: PLANNING Aim To investigate how the amount of heat produced by burning a fuel depends on the mass of fuel burned. Hypothesis I predict that the amount of heat energy produced by burning the fuel (we are using ethanol) will be proportional to the mass of ethanol burned. I have based this prediction on the following scientific knowledge (as suggested in a secondary source - 'Chemistry: A Practical Approach' by A.L Barker and K.A Knapp): Within the reactant molecules of a chemical reaction, there are many tiny atoms which are held together by very strong forces. These forces which link atoms in molecules together are called bonds. All chemical reactions consist of bonds in the reactant molecules being broken, and new bonds being formed. The chemical reaction that I am investigating is that of ethanol burning in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, and this idea of bonds applies here too. 'It is impossible to measure the total energy stored up in a particular substance, but we can measure the change in it which occurs during a chemical reaction. The symbol used for such a change is H where (delta) means 'change of' and H is the 'heat content' or enthalpy of the system.' An endothermic reaction is one which takes in energy from the surroundings, usually in the form of heat, and because of this, H is positive because the system gains energy from the
To investigate the factors that affect the amount energy produced in neutralisation reactions.
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATION 2003 Aim: To investigate the factors that affect the amount energy produced in neutralisation reactions. The Aim of this investigation is to see how the dependant variable, the heat realised as a result of neutralisation reaction changes as one independent variable is changed, and to find why these changes occur. Only one variable will be changed. This is because if more than one is changed as well, we will not know which factor is responsible for the change. The variables are specified below, along with the one that I have decided to vary. Variables The following variables can be controlled during the experiment and will be the ones we can change in the investigation. The one that I have chosen is listed below. These variables are called independent variables, and will allow us to assess and investigate the effect on the heat released by neutralisation reactions. . The concentration of the acid or the alkali in the reaction could be decided to be varied (I have used the term alkali rather than base, because the substance will already be dissolved in water which is the definition of an alkali). To carry this out, one would have to obtain acids or bases or both of varied concentration, by obtaining a fairly strong concentration, and then diluting it down to get varied concentrations. This procedure would be time consuming, and there would certainly
Find out how much acid there is in a solution
Planning 1. a) Identifies and defines a question or problem and devices a practical procedure that is comprehensive and coherent to respond to the question or problem; describes fine detail about the procedure. > Aim My aim is to find out how much acid there is in a solution. I have been provided with a sample of sulphuric acid solution which has a concentration between 0.05 and 0.15 mol dm¯³. I will need to find its accurate concentration by carrying out a quantitative analysis known as titration. > What is titration? A titration is a quantitative analysis which can allow you to determine the precise end-point of a reaction. This is when two solutions are reacted together. One solution of known concentration is placed in the burette. The second solution is placed in the conical flask. An indicator is involved depending on how strong or weak the acid or alkali is. The solution in the burette is run into the conical flask just enough until the reaction is complete. This can be indicated by the change in appearance of the solution. > Apparatus * Beaker(s) (100cm³) * Balance * Spatula * Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate (2.65g) * Distilled Water * Glass Rod * Funnel * Volumetric Flask (250cm³) (class B) * Rubber or Plastic bung * Burette (class B) * White Tile * Small Funnel * Sulphuric Acid * Conical Flask (250cm³) (class B) * Pipette
To investigate the factors affecting neutralisation.
Chemistry Coursework - Neutralisation Aim: To investigate the factors affecting neutralisation. Apparatus: HCl acid, acetic acid, NaOH, HNO3, beaker, data logging equipment, pipette filler, burette, pipettes, universal indicator, thermometers, clamp stand. Chosen Variable: The strength of acid - what affect this has on the speed of the neutralisation reaction. Preliminary Method: Place an empty beaker underneath a clamp stand. Measure out 25ml of NaOH using a pipette filler for accuracy. Pour this NaOH into the beaker and add a few drops of universal indicator. The NaOH should turn blue to show that it is an alkali. Measure out 25ml of HCl using a burette. Keep this acid in the burette suspended above the beaker of NaOH, using a clamp stand. Both the HCl and the NAOH should be 1M. This is the constant variable so that concentration does not affect the experiment in any way. Measure the temperature of the NaOH and record it. Gradually add HCL acid to the NaOH until a colour change is visible. Add in 5ml at a time in order to gauge a more accurate level of how much acid is needed to neutralise the alkali. After each 5ml has been added record the colour of the NaOH/universal indicator solution. Once the universal indicator has turned pink record the temperature. The fact that it is pink shows that the experiment is over (see hypothesis). After the
construction science and materials
Construction science and materials: Assessment No 4: TASK 1 Production and manufacturing processes: LIME: Lime is made by heating chalk or limestone (both calcium carbonate, CaCO3) to a temperature of 900° in a kiln. The heating breaks down the limestone to produce quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2). The chemical reaction is shown below: CaCO3 Heat CaO CO2 + Limestone 900°C quick lime carbon dioxide When quicklime is added to water the quicklime combines with the water to form hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide Ca (OH) 2.) This process is known as slaking. The chemical reaction, which takes place, is shown below: CaO H2O Ca (OH) 2 + Quicklime Water Hydrated lime GYPSUM PLASTER: Gypsum plaster is made from gypsum, whish is naturally occurring rock (calcium sulphate dihydrate, CaSO4 .2H 20). The gypsum is quarried, crushed and ground to a fine powder. The gypsum is then heated to drive off some or all of the water. If the gypsum is heated to 150°C, then only some of the water is lost and the gypsum converts to plaster of Paris (calcium sulphate hemihydrate, CaSO4.1/2 H20) as shown below CaSO4 .2H 20 heat CaSO4.1/2 H20 Gypsum 150°C plaster of Paris Plaster of Paris sets rapidly (within 10-20 minutes). Because this is too fast for most plastering work, a retarder (e.g. keratin) is often added
How the effect of concentration affects the rate of a chemical reaction
How the effect of concentration affects the rate of a chemical reaction The aim of this investigation is to study how the effect of concentration affects the rate of a chemical reaction. This will be investigated by dissolving magnesium in varying concentrations of hydrochloric acid. The reaction that will take place is as follows: 2HCl (aq) + Mg(s) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Prediction I predict that as the concentration of acid is increased, the rate of reaction will increase. I also predict that if the concentration were to be doubled, the rate of reaction would also double. Explanation of Prediction I predict that as the concentration of acid is increased, the rate of reaction will increase. This is because the hydrochloric acid is more concentrated and therefore there will be a greater collision frequency between the Magnesium atoms in the solid structure and the H+ ions in solution. A very small percentage of collisions result in a reaction, so if there were to be more collisions (as there will be with a greater concentration of acid), there will be more reactions. The increase in the rate of reaction will be apparent because it will fizz more violently giving off more hydrogen gas, the presence of which can be tested for by igniting the gas. If there is hydrogen gas being given off, a popping sound will be heard. I also predicted that if
Finding the Concentration of an Acid.
Finding the Concentration of an Acid Introduction The extraction of a metal from its ore often produces sulphur dioxide. This is then converted into sulphuric acid, as it is a very soluble gas, and this is then sold as a by-product. The concentration of the sulphuric acid is not known. It is believed to have a concentration of between 0.05moldm-3 and 0.15moldm-3 but the specific concentration is not known. Anhydrous sodium carbonate, a range of indicators and information about them and different types of titration and access to laboratory glassware and equipment is provided. It is the target of this experiment to determine the accurate concentration of the sulphuric acid that is produced from the extraction of the metal from its ore. Background information Extraction of metals The rocks in the earth's crust are a mixture of many different compounds and these rocks are referred to as ores. Metal ores are defined as a mineral that contains enough metal in them so that extraction is worthwhile. Metals are often found as oxides, for example Iron, Aluminium and Copper are all often found combined with oxygen. These metals from the middle part of the reactivity series are also often found as sulphides. Sulphur also occurs in many metal ores, including: * gelena, PbS, * zinc blende, ZnS, * cinnebar, HgS, * stibnite, Sb2S3, * copper pyrites, Cu2S.Fe2S3, and * iron
Indigestion - find out the composition of tablets which are for indigestion and compare their prices.
Indigestion Tablets Aim: My aim of this investigation is to find out the composition of tablets which are for indigestion and compare their prices. I will find out the indigestion tablet which reacts and dissolves quickly with Hydrochloric Acid and produces more bubbles. Introduction: Indigestion, also known as upset stomach or dyspepsia, is discomfort or a burning feeling in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by nausea, abdominal bloating, belching, and sometimes vomiting. Indigestion might be caused by a disease in the digestive tract, but for many people, it results from eating too much, eating too quickly, eating high-fat foods, or eating during stressful situations. Smoking, drinking too much alcohol, using medications that irritate the stomach lining, being tired, and having ongoing stress can also cause indigestion or make it worse. Some people have persistent indigestion that is not related to any of these factors. This type of indigestion--called functional or nonulcer dyspepsia--may be caused by a problem in the muscular squeezing action of the stomach (motility). To diagnose indigestion, the doctor might perform tests for problems, like ulcers. In the process of diagnosis, a person may have x rays of the stomach and small intestine or undergo endoscopy, in which the doctor uses an instrument to look at the inside of the stomach. Avoiding the foods and
Investigating Membrane Permeability.
Maryam Farmani 12 SCS Investigating Membrane Permeability Apparatus:cogf gfr segfgfw orgf gfk ingf fogf gf. · 8 test tubescoea ear seeaeaw orea eak inea foea ea. · Test tube rackcodg dgr sedgdgw ordg dgk indg fodg dg! · Measuring cylinder · Bunsen burner · Knife · Beaker · 1 beetroot · Dilute hydrochloric acidcobf bfr sebfbfw orbf bfk inbf fobf bf! · Dilute sodium hydroxide solutioncobg bgr sebgbgw orbg bgk inbg fobg bg. · Ethanol abidzaman, please do not redistribute this paper. We work very hard to create this website, and we trust our visitors to respect it for the good of other students. Please, do not circulate this paper elsewhere on the internet. Anybody found doing so will be permanently banned. · Distilled watercogb gbr segbgbw orgb gbk ingb fogb gb: · Thermometer · Tongscocb cbr secbcbw orcb cbk incb focb cb. · Tripodcofd fdr sefdfdw orfd fdk infd fofd fd: · Mat lGExVw Visit coursework cd in cd fo cd for cd more hypothesis cd Do cd not cd redistribute lGExVw · Cork borer Method: . I first cut three discs each about 2mm thick from the cylinder, which was cut out of the beetroot using a corer and place them in a test tube containing 10cm3 distilled water. This was my test tube number1.coea ear seeaeaw orea eak inea foea ea. 2. I then cut 21 more discs and rinse them under the running water, until the pink water collected in
Antacid Investigation.
Antacid Investigation. Aim- The aim of this investigation is to find out what antacid tablet works the best. We will be finding out which antacid tablet is cost efficient and which antacid tablet if effective by this I mean the one that can hold acid the most This can be done by using a pH probe, and seeing how long it takes to make the antacid tablet turn the HCl back to an acid. The best antacid tablet will be cost effective, so we will work out the ratio of 1 antacid tablet price, to the ratio of how much HCl it can cope with without turning into an acid. Measurement:- In this investigation I will be measuring how much HCl the antacid tablet can take before it turns back to an acid to how much each antacid tablet costs. I will basically try to find out find out which antacid tablet is the effective. Theory:- Antacids are taken by mouth to relieve heartburn, sour stomach, or acid indigestion. Antacids, drugs used for the treatment of dyspepsia or indigestion, also an effective treatment for the pain from peptic and duodenal ulcers. Antacids are bases which act by raising the pH of the stomach, that is, by making it more alkaline (a pH below 7 indicates acid, a pH above 7 indicates alkaline). The acid inside the stomach are gastric juices. Sometimes there is extra acid inside the stomach and this may cause some discomfort. It can be dealt with by taking an antacid
