Discuss, Compare and Contrast Piaget and Vygotsky’s Learning Theories.
DISCUSS, COMPARE AND CONTRAST PIAGET AND VYGOTSKY'S LEARNING THEORIES Many psychologists were not happy with behaviourism. There was a belief among some that there was too much focus on single events, stimuli, and overt behaviour. This school faced great criticisms, which eventually lead to the development of the Cognitive theory. Most Cognitive theorists now portray learning more as constructing knowledge from the information one receives, rather than directly receiving that information from the outside world. Constructivism is the label given to such a view, which falls somewhere between cognitive and humanistic views. It suggests that the learner is much more actively involved in a joint enterprise with the teacher in creating new meanings. The learner as an active participant in the learning process has been emphasised in such terms as selective attention, processor of information, learning as a generative process, reconstruction in memory, and active retrieval. The following are some of the principles of constructivism: . Learning is a search for meaning. Therefore learning must start with the issues around which students are actively trying to construct meaning. 2. Meaning requires understanding wholes as well as parts. Parts must be understood in the context of wholes. Therefore, the learning process focuses on primary concepts, not isolated facts. 3. In
Is Bowlbys (1951) theory of attachment still relevant in understanding how to support and intervene with children who have experienced parental maltreatment? Discuss with reference to recent research evidence.
Is Bowlby’s (1951) theory of attachment still relevant in understanding how to support and intervene with children who have experienced parental maltreatment? Discuss with reference to recent research evidence. I. INTRODUCTION Within the general field of parenting studies, attachment research is a well-theorised and productive approach (Oates, 2007). To date, attachment theory has been exposed to increasingly extensive research that has yielded predictive results and findings which are highly relevant to family therapy (Byng-Hall, 1995). However, there are a number of competing perspectives found in a significant body of empirical studies. Answers to some enquiries may not be yet available but with the conduct of further studies new answers often emerge and are added to the pool of literature now available for learning. In the process of achieving greater levels of understanding and likewise to form an pragmatic backbone for this essay, a review on different academic literature will be made. Highlights will include some of the modern arguments, perspectives and complementary insights that have been developed since the introduction of Bowlby’s attachment theory. A particular focus will be rendered on intervention and providing support to children who have experienced parental maltreatment. Other areas that will be discussed include an outline of Bowlby’s original
Addiction- the person beyond the mask
ADDICTION-THE PERSON BEYOND THE MASK The chosen topic for my essay is addiction, and the primary aim is to address the given criteria. I will be presenting my understanding of the issues surrounding addiction, and will attempt to demonstrate my growing awareness of the subject, by sharing my thoughts feelings and experiences. I will also be looking at the issues that might face a person-centred counsellor in relation to practise and evaluating the relevance of person-centred theory to the issue of addiction, as I perceive it. There will be a compare and contrast to another model, in this case, alcoholics anonymous, and I will be evaluating both the models, in terms of culture and diversity. When talking about addiction to substances I feel there needs to be some clarification about the terms 'use', 'misuse' and 'abuse'. A person that has an addiction, for example, to drugs, is often referred to as participating in 'drug abuse', but this makes little sense to me. Can it be said that a person who over-eats and finds comfort in food, indulges in 'food abuse', or a person that becomes addicted to going to the gym, as a result of the endorphin release and mood lift it provides, is participating in 'gym abuse'? This is not a general association that is made "...yet the person who overuses a chemical, seeks a chemical to feel more alive, or spends money on chasing the chemical
A qualitative study exploring how adult perceptions of significant others in their lives have affected their development using thematic analysis.
A qualitative study exploring how adult perceptions of significant others in their lives have affected their development using thematic analysis. Abstract This study explored a social constructionist perspective of lifespan development. In particular, the researcher examined attachment theory whereby individual's attachments developed with significant others during childhood can in some way influence patterns of their later adult relationships. A qualitative, textual analysis was performed on a pre-existing film of edited extracts from a semi-structured interview. The thematic analysis illustrated how adult perceptions of development were affected by enduring childhood relationship experiences with significant others; these mental representations contributed to being a consistent psychological characteristic in the adult's social relations. Introduction Development constitutes the essence of human Life. Lifespan psychology attempts to identify continuities in patterns of growth, stability and change in behaviour across the life course. Differing psychological perspectives explore the interplay between biology and culture on internal and external levels of influence underlying the developmental processes. Explanations are distinguished by interindividual similarities, differences and plasticity between experiences at one point and behaviour later in life. Many theories
'Anthropology has one approach to change, while development has another.The two cannot be reconciled.' Discuss.
Nazia Kosar. 'Anthropology has one approach to change, while development has another. The two cannot be reconciled.' Discuss. The word "change" is problematic for anthropology and development, for historical, theoretical and practical reasons. There is tension between the disciplines about their views on change, because they are often interlinked due to the nature of their work being interwoven. There are two types of change: firstly, 'modernisation' - which is linked with development, planned or imposed change, and secondly, change that occurs without plan, characterised as 'modernity'. The reason why 'change' is such a loaded term is that it has been used as a tool in many theoretical models to differentiate, categorise people in the name of modernisation and development. This essay aims to deconstruct views on 'actual change' and the construction of narratives related to knowledge about change, at various levels throughout the history of the disciplines and how they have been reconciled on certain aspects of the debate, paving the way for a more amicable future. In the last fifty years, the political geography of the globe has changed dramatically, and is continuing to do so. Societies worldwide are embracing, or localising the concept of "modernity", and anthropologists have taken this phenomenon as a topic of research, and developmentalists have been at the
The Inductive Service Development Framework, ISDF Bridging the Service and Software Development Processes.
The Inductive Service Development Framework, ISDF Bridging the Service and Software Development Processes. By Thor E. Hasle, The Norwegian Centre of Service Research, NST, The Norwegian School of Information Technology, NITH, and Academy Services, Oslo, Norway. Abstract Service development processes are overwhelmingly established by the managerial, organisational and financial domains of the industry and the academia. There is however, a close to fifty year old science of information technology research into development of IT-services. There are several schools argumenting the best development processes with IT in mind, from structural, sequential processes like The Waterfall Process, to iterative, incremental processes like the Rational Unified Process (Jacobsson, I et al., 1999). As it is established that smaller development projects are more successful than larger (Standish Group, 2004) and the ever increasing need for time compression; lightweight, agile processes are now in fad. (Beck, K, 2000). The science of research into software development processes is a complementary foundation to obtain better service development processes. This contribution establishes, from a theoretical, empiric and practical viewpoint, the close relations between service development and software-development. The modern iterative and incremental software development philosophies are to a
Psychosynthesis- a comparative essay
PSYCHOSYNTHESIS ESSAY The aim of this essay is to evaluate psychosynthesis within its theoretical context and examine a therapeutic relationship within its framework. I will also be discriminating between the person-centred approach (PCA) and psychosynthesis and comparing and contrasting the two approaches. There will be some evaluation of the two models in terms of culture and diversity. This essay will be written from my subjective frame and therefore it will include my perception of psychosynthesis. Dr. Roberto Assagioli, (1888-1974), was the founding father of psychosynthesis. In 1910 he started the creation of his wide perspective and vision of a holistic approach in psychology, which put an emphasis on growth and the spiritual dimension of human experience even though its "roots are in psychoanalysis..." (Whitmore 1991 pp2-a), His aim was to create a psychology of the whole person. I admire Assagioli for being ahead of his times as his creation of psychosynthesis, which is humanistic and transpersonal, began in a time where the dominating psychologies were, psychoanalysis and behaviourism. Humanistic and transpersonal, were not recognised. I think this may have had a lot to with the very vast knowledge; experiences and contacts that Assagioli had that were both from the western and eastern countries. His major western influences were; Carl Jung, William James and
This study examined the differences in parenting practices and prosocial behaviour in children of different ethnic groups in South Africa.Method: Two South African mothers, both with six year old children
Developmental Psychology PSY-484-X Assignment 1 Topic: The development of prosocial behaviour in early childhood: A cross-cultural study "Prosocial behaviour is the outcome of multiple ...factors" (Eisenberg & Fabes, 1998, p 742). Discuss this statement by referring to: (a) Biological determinants (5) (b) Cultural factors (5) (c) Socialisation within and outside the family (30) (d) The child's individual characteristics (10) Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 2 Abstract 4 3 Theoretical Review 4 3.1 Introduction 4 3.2 What is prosocial behaviour? 4 3.3 Foundations of Prosocial behaviour 5 3.3.1 Biological determinants 5 3.3.1.1 Innate Bias toward Prosocial Predispositions 5 3.3.1.2 Heritability of Prosocial Inclinations 6 3.3.1.3 Neuropsychological Underpinnings of Prosocial Responding 6 3.3.2 Cultural factors 6 3.3.3 Socialisation within and outside the family 7 3.3.3.1 Parental Disciplinary Practices 7 3.3.3.2 Parental Warmth and the Quality of the Parent-Child Relationship 8 3.3.3.3 Reinforcement and Modelling 9 3.3.3.4 Socioeconomic status 9 3.3.4 The child's individual characteristics 10 3.3.4.1 Age and gender 10 3.3.4.2 Temperament 10 3.3.5 An integrative model of prosocial behaviour 11 3.4 Conclusion 12 4 Practical Research 12 4.1 The current study 12 4.2 Results 12 4.2.1 Summary of Results 12 4.3 Discussion 13 4.3.1 Results 13
Successful Ageing: Psychological Theory and Research (Department of Psychology - University of Liverpool)
What is meant by the term 'Successful Ageing'? Refer to psychological research and theories in your answer. Word Count: 2763 (excluding quotations, in-text and end-text references) The last century has witnessed substantial increases in life expectancy at birth, significant medical advances, and increasing health and social care expenditure. These changes have collectively encouraged international interest in the promotion of healthier old age and how to age "successfully". The idea of successful ageing has been the subject of investigations for a variety of academic disciplines for more than 3 decades. Earlier use of the term 'successful ageing' has been found in the research reports of social scientists in the 1960s and 1970s (Havighurst, 1963; Williams and Wirths, 1965). While the 1980s and early 1990s had psychologists and behavioural scientists studying successful ageing (Ryff, 1982), more recent work shows an interest from physicians and health service researchers as well (Rowe and Kahn, 1998). The concept has gained increased attention because of a combination of demographic advances and social forces (Phelan and Larson, 2002). Individuals born between 1946 and 1965 have more chances of surviving till an old age with a life expectancy of an additional 16 to 20 years (Hoyert, Kochanek, and Murphy, 1999). Moreover, analyses conducted on longitudinal data report that not
Federation of Nepalese Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
A Table of Contents: Signature Page......................................................................i Copyright...........................................................................ii Disclaimer..........................................................................iii Acknowledgement..................................................................iv Abstract..............................................................................v Preface..............................................................................vi INTRODUCTION 1 CONCEPT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 3 CONCEPT OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 4 FNCCI AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE 6 LITERATURE SURVEY 8 METHODS USED 13 RESEARCH DESIGN 17 Research Design 21 Theoretical Framework 22 REPORT ON FNCCI-HRDC DISCUSSION PROGRAM 23 RECOMMENDATIONS 24 About The Researchers: 25 APPENDEX I 27 APPENDEX II 28 INTRODUCTION Federation of Nepalese Chamber of Commerce and Industry was established in 1965. It is an umbrella organization of the Nepalese private sector. It has adopted a set of objectives without disturbing the rights and interests of business and industrial communities. Its mission is to develop the socio-economic condition of the country through the promotion of business and industry. Its objectives are defined as: * Play a catalytic role in the business and