The person centred approach
Essay 1 :The person centred approach The person centred approach has had a major impact in psychology, particularly the counselling field. This approach began formally by Carl Rogers (Hough, 2006).Although this approach is used by other professionals such as social workers, it is particularly important to counsellors as it can be used as a guideline for counsellors as it introduces conditions which are essential in counselling practice. The approach also establishes what is needed in the relationship between client and counsellors to make progress and it helps counsellors to empathize with client to empower the client to want to change for the better and reach their full potential. PC Personality Theory The person centred theory stands out to other personality theories by psychologist such as Freud or Erickson because development is not described in stages or phases. Rogers described personality development using the term 'self concept', he took into account how a person perceives themselves (Hough, 2006). Individuals 'self concept' is said to be affected by their interactions with other people and the environment. Rogers concentrated on the way in which an individual's perception of self is developed by other people's appraisal and expectations. For instance from a young age children aim to satisfy their parents/carers. However the actualising tendency has some similarity
Critically assess the value of behaviourism as a psychological approach?
Foundations of psychology 1 Critically assess the value of behaviourism as a psychological approach? In his essay I will provide information related to the assessment criteria. I will demonstrate my understanding of behaviourism from a psychological approach. The behaviourists that I have chosen to compare and discuss are, Watson, Pavlov, Thorndike and Skinner. From a psychological approach I will seek into the different behaviour therapies. The value of behaviour changes as a result of experience. The behaviourists approach to psychology started in America in the early years of the twentieth century. John Broadus Watson (1878-1955) was the founding father of behaviourism. Watson believed that the most important thing for psychology was that it should be scientific. His idea of this was that introspection was too broad and confusing. To study the mind would be time consuming and virtually impossible, because we cannot see directly into it. All that we can see is physical skin behaviour. Watson's approach rested on five fundamental assumptions. His first assumption was the most important factor in understanding behaviour, so understanding learning would lead to understanding of all behaviour. Secondly, that learning arose from the association between an external stimulus and a behavioural response. Thirdly that only measurable information counted as valid scientific data
The Effects of Classical Conditioning on Human Salivation Rate by Utilising Sweets and the Term "Cellar Door".
The Effects of Classical Conditioning on Human Salivation Rate by Utilising Sweets and the Term "Cellar Door" ABSTRACT: The aim of this experiment was to test the theory that the salivation rate of humans could be manipulated by means of Classical Conditioning. The two-part experiment was performed at S:t Eskils Gymnasium on several classes with an average of ˜ 15 students in each class. The participants were required to complete a form concerning the rate of their salivation level at the moment on a six-grade scale comprised of the following options; "None", "Little", "Normal", "Slightly more than usual", "Much more than usual" and "Extreme amounts", afterwards each participant aquired a sour-tasting sweet. Awaiting our command the participants were required to lick the sweet after hearing the term "Cellar Door ", a term chosen due to its neutral nature free of associations with sweets. We repeated the term ten times with a slight pause in between and after ten trials the participants were allowed to eat the sweet. The participants were then left briefly, without further exposure to the researchers for approximately fifteen minutes. After re-entering the classroom the term "Cellar Door " was repeated without the presence of the sweet. The participants were again required to estimate their rate of salivation on the six-grade scale. Our statistical calculations mainly based
In this study we generated number sequences at two different speeds, which relatively are one number every second (1Hz) and one number every four seconds (4Hz) in order to test varying conditions in which individuals might act randomly.
Running head: RANDOMNESS AND RANDOM IDENTIFICATION Determining Randomness and Random Identification Li Howe Tan (SID: 308142659) University of Sydney Tutorial: Tuesday (4.00pm - 5.00pm) Abstract In this study we generated number sequences at two different speeds, which relatively are one number every second (1Hz) and one number every four seconds (4Hz) in order to test varying conditions in which individuals might act randomly. Specifically we are interested the extent at which individuals were to make stereotypical errors in generating numbers at different speed, and how they would take into account of their previous responses of their decisions in order to formulate a new sequence. Also, to confirm if individuals are capable of being random under stipulative conditions. The result obtained was highly correlated, however we cannot determine on how good individuals are at generating numbers randomly, as 'random' is a term which has been stereotyped as being not the same, however could be argued that a sequence is not random if an individual uses effort to think of the following number he or she wants to generate. Determining Randomness and Random Identification It has long been discussed that individuals uneducated in probability theory will often deviate from the statistical notion of randomness (Reichenbach, 1934/1949, as cited in Rapoport & Budescu, 1992). This
There are many methods of research. Interviews are useful for both quantitative and qualitative research depending on the questions asked. They can also be structured or unstructured or a mixture of both. They are particularly useful if the researcher
The three pieces of literature to be reviewed are a journal called 'Supporting disaffected pupils: perspectives from the pupils, their parents and their teachers' (Vulliamy, G and Webb, R. 2003), a research report 'Absence from school: a study of its causes and effects in seven LEA's (Malcolm, H et al 2003) and a report 'Parents carers' attitudes towards school attendance' (Dalziel, D & Henthorne, K, 2005). The methods used to support the research were field work observations, semi structured interviews, questionnaires, a collection and analysis of statistical data from school, face-to-face interviews, postal questionnaires, telephone interviews, developmental work, telephone survey and depth interviews. To begin with the question needs to be asked, what is research? Green (2000) suggests that research is an investigation of a topic for a purpose. (Green 2000) Quantitative research produces results which can be expressed using numbers or statistics. This type of research is useful if you are exploring the extent to which something happens or if the focus is on how many, how often, how many people think and so on. (Bell, J. 1993) Qualitative research obtains view points and personal feelings from its participants. These are not easily measured. Qualitative researchers wish to gain insight into their topic rather than make an analysis of statistics. They are less concerned
How do children develop a Theory of Mind? You will need to discuss the kinds of knowledge, experiences and understanding that children need in order to acquire this skill.
How do children develop a Theory of Mind? You will need to discuss the kinds of knowledge, experiences and understanding that children need in order to acquire this skill. Theory of mind is defined as the ability of normal children to attribute mental states (e.g. desires, intentions, beliefs, understanding...) to themselves and others, (Homer & Lee, 1999). They must make sense of these attributes, in themselves and others, and this will enable them to predict behaviour of others. From research gathered it has been possible to pin point what a child needs in order to acquire a theory of mind. Clearly, to develop a theory of mind a child needs the experience of social interactions through which they can develop knowledge and understanding of their own thoughts and feelings and those of others. By 18 months children develop self-metarepresentation (Lewis & Brooks-Gunn, 1979). For example, a mother puts a spot of chocolate on the child's nose and place them in front of a mirror. By two years children are able to recognise the image is of themselves and they reach for their own nose. By eight months, children begin to understand that their gestures activate a response from others (Bates, 1976). A theory of mind is seen as a special stream of human reasoning. Study of autistic patients gives researchers an insight into the aspects involved in possessing a theory of
Schizophrenia and related psychosis.
The author of this work is currently employed as a community psychiatric nurse whose remit is to work with those clients with serious and enduring mental illness, the majority of whom have a medical diagnosis of schizophrenia and related psychosis. Over the past 10 years there's been a growing movement towards diverse treatments for schizophrenia other than the acknowledged role of medication as a treatment modality (Birchwood and Tarrier 1993). Developments in psychological theory have led to a number of innovative psychological treatments drawn from human experimental psychology such as behavioural and social psychology and cognitive science. Therapies based on cognitive behavioural theory have been rapidly developing, initially for the so called 'neurotic disorders' but in recent years evidence has accumulated to suggest that these cognitive behavioural approaches can be effective for those people suffering from psychosis ( Williams 1995). The aim of this assignment is to explore the basis of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and review its' therapeutic application to schizophrenia. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is an evolutionary paradigm that came about a from the merging of the established paradigm of behavioural therapy and contemporary cognitive therapy (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). Behavioural therapy historically focused on anxiety, phobic
Skinner's behaviorism and Bandura's cognitive social learning of personality
Running head: SKINNER VERSUS BANDURA Skinner's Behaviorism and Bandura's Cognitive Social Learning of Personality An Assignment Submitted in Partial Fulfilment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Social Sciences in Psychology Apirl 2010 Skinner's Behaviorism and Bandura's Cognitive Social Learning of Personality B. F. Skinner and Albert Bandura are the well-known psychologist. Skinner argued that behavior was caused by forces outside the person. Operant conditioning is the theory of B.F. Skinner and is defined as the type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment. The theory of B.F. Skinner is based on the idea that learning is a function of change in overy behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individual's response to events that occur in the environment. A response produces a outcome. Action on part of the learner is called a response. For an example, purcharsing behaviors is a response occurs in the presence of distinctive stimuli, as people want to buy the cheapest stuffs in supermarket's environment. Supermaket often give us stamps which can be used in exchange for gifts. Stamps is a secondary reinforcer become reinforcing through the association with gift, a primary reinforcer. It encourages purcharsing behaviors through a system of rewards. When a desired
Choose a psychologist, Write a short essay on his/her approach, Include the king of research he/she carried out, Outline the studies he/she did.
Amanda Alderson Access to Health care Oakwood Park Day 25th October 2003 Choose a psychologist. Write a short essay on his/her approach. Include the king of research he/she carried out. Outline the studies he/she did. Elizabeth Loftus was born in Los Angeles, California on 16th October 1944.Although she was planning to become a maths teacher, whilst at UCLA she discovered psychology, it was there that she achieved her BA in both maths and psychology She then went on to Graduate school at Stanford and received her M.A in 1967 and also her PhD in 1970 both in psychology. It was while at Stanford that Elizabeth became interested in long term memory and this led her into research how the mind classifies and remembers information and then recalls it. Elizabeth is known worldwide as a cognitive psychologist who works in the specialized field of memory. Psychologists who use the cognitive approach are mainly interested in the way that we perceive process and store information. The cognitive process can be divided into five different processes, perception, attention, memory, language, and studying the way that we think. Cognitive psychologists see psychology as a science and most studies are done in laboratories under controlled conditions. There is now a method of interviewing based on four main principles that helps to improve eye witness memory recalls. This was devised by
What does current evidence on the performance of normal and brain-damaged readers have to say about these two issues: Do we get from print to meaning via pronunciation? Does the brain use one, two, or three routes from print to pronunciation?
What does current evidence on the performance of normal and brain-damaged readers have to say about these two issues: Do we get from print to meaning via pronunciation? Does the brain use one, two, or three routes from print to pronunciation? Topics on word recognition process in reading were always interesting to cognitive psychologists. Recognition means the approaches to information stored in memory and here, word recognition involves the retrieval of information about the pronunciation (phonology) and meanings (semantics) of words from their printed forms (orthography). There are mainly two issues in the investigation on word recognition: how people get from print to meaning and print to pronunciation. Many studies were carried out and aimed to study the ways we use to recognize words. Case studies, such as the report of patient PS by Richard and Vincent (1997), on brain damaged patients showed that phonological mediation is not necessary. In the other words, we can get meanings of words from prints directly rather than via pronunciation. Jackson and Coltheart (2001) outlined the Dual-Route Cascade (DRC) model of reading aloud and introduced that there are three routes which are believed to involve in word recognition. This paper aims to summarise and review current available literature in order to discuss how we retrieve semantics and phonology
