- Market development: Complete desktop solution – hardware + software + peripherals. Educational customers.
- Product development: Professional Products – desktop publishing, high-end laser printers.
- Competitive Pricing: Low priced Mac Classic, to compete with cheaper IBM PCs, which were attracting majority of new application developments.
Losing Momentum: Jobs had the knack to read consumer trends and even more importantly he had the ability to form consumer preferences and shape their lifestyles. In his absence, Apple was reduced to being a “regular” competitor of IBM, losing its focus and was not able to achieve a much-needed breakthrough, either in the form of a new product or in the form of a better OS. Also, Apple wasn’t able to maintain its differentiating factors of superior product at a right premium, it also couldn’t converge and adopt Intel chips, which had by now became the industry standard. Failure on all fronts lead to Apple’s near bankruptcy in the 90s.
Restoring the original value proposition: Apple’s success was because of its differentiation, and that was exactly what Jobs restored after his return. He undertook numerous measures to restore the exclusivity that defined Apple. He launched the revolutionary iMac to make a statement that Apple is back as a cult. The same focus was communicated using extensive ad campaigns and expansion of Apple distribution channels. This move helped Apple stand apart from the growing clutter of low-cost PC manufacturers, in which anyway they wouldn’t have been able to compete given their costly proprietary hardware and software. In essence, Jobs did exactly what needed to be done (restoring exclusivity instead of competing with low-priced competitors).
Shaping the 21st century: Apple returned to supremacy, like the one it enjoyed back in 80s, because of its ability to successfully predict the lifestyle of consumers of the digital age. They were able to predict the media consumption pattern of people and were successful in forming consumer behavior by supplying mobile entertainment devices. Just like Macintosh was revolutionary in introducing the GUI, iPad too was a revolution because of its flash based memory that allowed a huge improvement in terms of storage capacity. This, coupled with an easy, intuitive and elegant interface made iPod the industry standard. Similarly by introducing touch screen phone without a regular keyboard, iPhone again reinvented the mobile phone. Here it is noteworthy that just like Apple didn’t invent GUI, they brought it to the public, similarly they were the ones who clearly communicated the potentials of a touch screen smart phone to the world. Thus, it was the ability of Jobs to make products out of technology and more importantly portray their benefits which the common person would not have valued otherwise, is the single biggest differentiator that makes Apple a force to reckon with. This was augmented by the popularity of the Internet, which made it all the more easy to share content and applications. Here again, Apple was able to deliver the differentiating factor in the form of iTunes (for iPod) and iAppStore (for iPhone) whose popularity was one of the key factors for pickup of sales of these devices (Exhibit 9). After targeting the mobile music and phone segment, Apple is moving into the mobile reading industry trying to replace paperbacks with electronic content (e-books, e-newspaper, e-journals). Here they are in direct competition with paperbacks (which are much more comfortable to most of the people, even to new generation people) and is up against Amazon’s Kindle and Sony’s eReader. As Amazon already has a similar pay-per-download model like iTunes and AppStore and Sony has its e-Ink technology, Apple will have to provide a unique set of benefit that is best of both the worlds. Also, positioning it as more than merely an e-book reader may be the differentiating factor that Apple must stress upon.
Preparing for the next decade: Apple has been able to successfully transform itself according to the changing needs of the customers and by offering products which not only are a perfect fit in their new lifestyle but which also stand apart because of their elegant design and unique convenience features. As long as they are able to read these trends and market direction and pounce on the opportunities that arise over time, their success can be sustained. But the major concern is that much of the current success is attributed to Steve Jobs, whose absence may leave the company back to path of chaos like in the early 90s. What is needed is that Jobs should nurture leadership within the organization because that only will ensure continued growth (like GE). Having a charismatic leader has its own disadvantages as it leaves little room for others to experiment and grow. Also, entry of more players (like IBM in PC industry), unsuccessful launches (like Apple TV) and complacency (like no physical QWERTY keyboard in iPad) may prove to be disastrous. Thus, it’s the ability of Apple Inc. to learn, unlearn and relearn without Jobs is what will decide its success in the next decade.
Summary!!
Genesis and Initial Success
- Founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
- Jobs acute aesthetic sense coupled with Steve Wozniak’s technical brilliance lead to PC industry creation by Macintosh.
- Introduced GUI and Mouse to the world.
- Enjoyed early mover advantage till 1983 when IBM entered the PC market with a price competitive offering.
Competing with IBM
- IBM entered market with a “Wintel” based PC.
- Cheaper alternative for price-sensitive customers.
- Jobs replaced by Sculley, followed by Amelio.
- Apple tried multiple things:
- Market Dev.: Complete solutions (H/w, S/w, peripherals).
- Product development: Desktop publishing, high-end laser printers.
- Competitive Pricing: Low priced Mac Classic.
Losing Momentum
- Apple became directionless, lost focus without Jobs.
- Reduced to being a “regular” competitor of IBM.
- No successful new product.
- Failed to revive fortunes by launching a successful OS.
- Unable to migrate to Intel chips – the industry standard.
- Failure on all fronts leading to near bankruptcy.
Restoring the original value proposition
- Jobs restored as CEO of Apple after Amelio’s tenure.
- He undertook numerous measures to restore exclusivity.
- Launched iMac to mark return of the Apple cult.
- Extensive ad campaigns and expansion of distribution channels.
- Apple broke away from clutter of low-cost PC manufacturers which was unviable because of proprietary components.
iPad
- After mobile music and mobile phone segment, now focusing on mobile reading segment (e-books, e-journals)
- In direct competition with paperback, Amazon, Sony.
- Amazon already has iTunes, AppStore like pay-per-download model which lead to their huge success.
- Sony’s proprietary E-Ink technology is a valued feature.
- Positioning as “more than a mere e-reader” key to success.
The Next Decade
- Current success attributable to Job.
- Charismatic leaders have their side-effects on organizations.
- Jobs should nurture leadership (like GE).
- Previous decade => Successful transformation from PC manufacturer to mobile entertainment devices.
- Future Success => Ability to read trends and form consumer behavior.
- Should avoid complacency and look for ways to maintain momentum as early mover advantages wane.
