Final Control Element. FCE may be referred as actuator such as valve, gate, motor or relay. It enables an operator of a plant to achieve a desired process variable
CHAPTER 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A final control element (FCE) is a mechanical device that changes a process physically which in response to the change the setpoint of the process control system. It is driven by a controller to carried out its control mechanism and are located in the process line. There are great differences between the FCEs where their accessories that cause each of them to have their own characteristics of function to adapt to a particular process dynamic. In designing a control system, two of the most essential characteristics that must be take into account are linearity and the speed of response. If a FCE is nonlinear, it will affect the stability of the system as the linearity of the process does. FCE may be referred as actuator such as valve, gate, motor or relay. It enables an operator of a plant to achieve a desired process variable output by manipulated the setpoint of the process variable. In other words the valve must move to a certain position that represented by the value of controller. The faster and more accurate the valve follow the dictates the better the performance of the valve. In past, FCE is functioned together with electric actuator and a squirrel-cage motor, which they are suffered from several operation limitations. The commonly used of pneumatic actuators suffer from overshot performance and high maintenance costs. The insufficient
Working safely in engineering - regulations
. The roles and responsibilities of the health and safety is a legal requirement and must be taken seriously and there are massive amounts of legislation and regulation that must be taken seriously at all times. If not complied it can lead to injury or even death, the main legislation are: The health and safety at work act 1974 – this legislation is the main health and safety legislation in the UK and covers all the regulation. Workplace Health and safety and welfare regulations 1992 – this legislation is to do with the working environment so it covers stuff like temperature, light and just working condition in general. The management of health and safety at work regulation 1999 - this legislation is to do with the employers responsibilities to prevent hazards; this can be done with a risk assessment. Display screen equipment regulations 1992 – this legislation cover the use of computer screens or any type of visual display unit. Control of substance hazardous to health 2002 – this legislation relates to the use of potentially dangerous substances and covers how to handle, store and dispose of it. Reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations 1995 – this legislation covers the accidents, diseases and dangerous occurrence and how it is recorded. Manual handling operations 1992 – This legislation covers the responsibility of
Determination of the Valency of Magnesium
EXPERIMENT 6 TITLE: Determination of the Valency of Magnesium INTRODUCTION: Stoichiometry is the study of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in a balanced chemical reaction. It can be used to calculate quantities such as the amount of products that can be produced with the given reactants and percent yield. Stoichiometry rests upon the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportions (i.e., the law of constant composition) and the law of multiple proportions. In general, chemical reactions combine in definite ratios of chemicals. Since chemical reactions can neither create nor destroy matter, nor transmute one element into another, the amount of each element must be the same throughout the overall reaction. For example, the amount of elements x on the reactant side must equal the amount of element X on the product side. In this experiment, the known starting mass of magnesium and the measured collection of hydrogen gas will be used to determine the reaction stoichiometry. This experiment determines the stoichiometry of a reaction of magnesium and HCl. The relationship between moles of magnesium reacted and moles of hydrogen produced are plotted. Magnesium Ribbon is a strip of Magnesium that is solid at room temperature. When mixed with hydrochloric acid it produces Magnesium Chloride, which is a liquid and Hydrogen gas.
Trifilar Suspension Lab experiment
________________ Mechanical Engineering Science 5 – Dynamics Lab Report Trifilar Suspension Abstract By using the trifilar suspension set up it is possible to calculate the moment of inertia of rigid bodies. By completing the experiment and acquiring actual data results these can then be compared to the theoretical values calculated to show the difference. Introduction “The Mass Moment of Inertia of a solid measures the solid's ability to resist changes in rotational speed about a specific axis, the larger the Mass Moment of Inertia the smaller the angular acceleration about that axis for a given torque. The mass moment of inertia depends on a reference axis, and is usually specified with two subscripts. This helps to provide clarity during three-dimensional motion where rotation can occur about multiple axes.” [1] “The actual trifilar suspension is an assembly that is used to determine the moment of inertia of a body about an axis passing through the body’s mass centre, perpendicular to the plane of motion”[2] Image shows trifilar suspension set up: [image taken from http://www.tpub.com/content/MIL-SPEC/MIL-S/MIL-S-81963B/MIL-S-81963B00038.htm] Occurrence in Industry The type of motion looked at in this experiment can be seen in many areas of engineering, making it important to understand the components involved in simple harmonic motion so as to be
Ethics and Leadership in Engineering
Leadership Techniques Running Head: Ethics in Engineering Statement of Ethical Principles [Name of writer] [Name of institution] Statement of Ethical Principles Thesis Statement Four fundamental principles that should guide an engineer in achieving high professional standards and their examples. Introduction Engineers play a significant part in the development, prosperity and safety of people around the globe. The primary role of engineers is to identify/sense and respond to a need by constructing or creating a solution with certain specific guidelines. While it is the responsibility of engineers to develop such structures, it is also their responsibility that their creation serves the function in a proper manner, take all safety precautions while making it and give the safety directions to the users after handing it over. Discussion These structures, however, do not stay safe forever. No matter how safe a construction or a creation is, it reveals its failure after sometime. Eventually these failures lead to dire consequences some time. Engineers struggle all the time to avoid failures and make their solution safer and more efficient. Sometime mere lacking of professional ethics is the reason. In UK, the seriousness of ethical issues, which arise in professional lives of engineers, has been recognized recently. However, in USA this has been recognized for
Project cost management entails four major processes, which are closely related: resource planning, cost estimation, cost budgeting and cost control.
D31PT PROJECT MANAGEMENT: THEORY AND PRACTICE Sanusi M. Alkali Reg No H00121584 PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT ABSTRACT Cost, schedule and performance are three main dictators of project success or failure. Projects that are executed beyond the budget limits are abandoned, as stakeholders can no longer finance the project. A project manager that employs the appropriate tools and makes sound project decisions in order to control cost can be branded a successful project manager. The project manager has to implement an appreciable level of expertise and effort to realize effective cost management. However, project managers can be sometimes put under pressure to develop estimates for a project within a short period of time. This can leave the project manager with insufficient time to acquire historical information and other necessary inputs to work with and select a suitable method to implement to realize output or consider alternatives. Project cost management entails four major processes, which are closely related: resource planning, cost estimation, cost budgeting and cost control. This paper looks to establish the inputs to these processes, the tools and techniques that can be employed and the expected output. The paper further analyzes these processes with regard to the project manager having to look beyond the inputs, tools and techniques to achieve an output. .0
Composite Materials -structure and properties
Introduction . Definition of a composite material. A composite material is made up of two or more distinct materials, usually a base, binder, filler, and reinforcement. When they merge they do not do not lose their individual identities, but still take on their properties and making the products properties stronger. . Exampled of composite materials and where are they commonly used. Carbon Fiber – Carbon Fibre is an extremely strong, thin fibre, consisting of long, chainlike molecules of pure carbon that are made by charring synthetic fibres such as rayon in the absence of oxygen. Carbon fibres are used in high-strength composite materials in aircraft, automobiles, architectural structures, and in other applications where light materials capable of withstanding high stress are required. Fiberglass – Fibreglass is a material consisting of extremely fine glass fibres, used in making various products, such as yarns, fabrics, insulators, and structural objects or parts. Reinforcement – The role of the reinforcement in a composite material is fundamentally to increase the mechanical properties of the well-ordered resin system. All of the different fibres used in composites have different properties and so affect the properties of the composite in different ways. Matrix – A matrix is the material that binds together the reinforcing fibres of a composite.
The Latest Developments of Air Transport
Development of Modern Transport Aircraft The commercial airline industry has grown from a few aircraft to that of a multi-billion pound industry. The Boeing 707 began a revolution in air travel when it entered service in1958.It was the first commercially successful jet aircraft. Since then aircraft manufacturers have strived to provide larger and more economical planes to aircraft companies. The basic appearance of commercial airliners has not changed much for over 50 years. Nevertheless, there has been a considerable increase in innovations and new technology within the aerospace industry. Advancements in engine efficiency, aerodynamics and new materials have all led to a significantly lower operating cost per seat mile of commercial aircraft. There have been a number of significant innovations, especially on the Boeing 787, the latest wide body jet to enter service. Composite materials are now been used in the commercial aircraft industry. The Boeing 787 is primarily constructed from composite materials. They are used in most primary structures, particularly the fuselage (see fig1). By using a unique one piece composite barrel construction, (See fig 2) the 787 eliminates the need for any fuselage lap joints, doubler longitudinal skin splices. This has a dramatic reduction in weight and drag. In addition, it also significantly reduces the amount of maintenance and
Site Waste Management Plan
Bridge at Pelaw Buying and Storing Materials . Order the amount of materials you need as accurately as possible; 2. Arrange for 'just in time' deliveries to reduce storage and material losses; 3. Consider the source of materials (Is the company certified with environmental standards? Quality materials and recycled materials may prove cheaper). 4. Consider the packaging used for materials delivered to the site -can this be reduced or recycled. 5. Ensure that deliveries are rejected if damaged or incomplete 6. Make sure storage areas are safe, secure and weatherproof (where required) 7. Store liquids away from drains, burns and in bunded areas to prevent pollution. Site Activities . Ensure options for the use of reclaimed and recycled construction materials, that meet the materials specification are considered. 2. Recycle suitable spoil, demolition materials, prunings, and surplus construction material arising from the works on site to avoid the need to transport materials. 3. Keep the site tidy to reduce material losses and waste. Waste Segregation . Segregate different types of waste as they are generated using different skips where possible (given the space available). At a minimum there should be skips for wood, inert and mixed materials, although a skip for metals may generate some income. If there is a shortage of space and not enough room for multiple skips
The Production of PVC and Environmental Concerns
PVC PPRODUCTION GREEN PROCESS ________________ CONTENTS . Introduction 2. History 3. PVC’s proprieties . PVC process * Row material * Chemical process * PVC production . Application 2. Green process 3. Eco-profiles and LCA 4. Benefits of useing PVC 5. References ________________ . INTRODUCTION Poly Vinyl Chloride (abbreviated PVC), is the third-most widely produced polymer, after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC comes in two basic forms: rigid (sometimes abbreviated as RPVC) and flexible. The rigid form of PVC is used in construction for pipe, and in profile applications such as doors and windows. It is also used for bottles and other non-food packaging, and cards (such as bank or membership cards). It can be made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizers, the most widely used being phthalates. In this form, it is also used in plumbing, electrical cable insulation, imitation leather, signage, inflatable products and many applications where it replaces rubber. images (3).jpg images (4).jpg 2. HISTORY PVC was discovered accidentally on at least two occasions in the 19th century. The first, in 1838, was by the French physicist and chemist Henri Victor Regnault and the second in 1872 by the German Eugen Baumann. On both occasions, the polymer appeared as a white solid inside flasks of the newly discovered vinyl chloride