What increase's the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon?
GCSE Chemistry Coursework Aim: What increase the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon? Scientific Knowledge "When a chemical reaction occurs, the particles which combine need to meet up with each other (collide) so that they can swap or share electrons. If you want to speed up a reaction, you need to get these particles to hit each other more frequently. "If the solution is made more concentrated it means there are more particles of reactant knocking about between the water molecules, which make collisions between the important particles more likely Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid (r) Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen Mg + 2HCl (r) MgCl2 + H2 The rate of reaction between the product and the reactant will increase or decrease depending on certain factors. The factors that may affect the rate of reaction are:- temperature of the Hydrochloric Acid, mass of the magnesium ribbon used, concentration of the Hydrochloric acid, surface area of the magnesium ribbon used All of these factors will change the rate of reaction because of the Collision Theory. This is a theory that is used to predict the rate of a reaction. The Collision Theory is based on the idea that for a chemical reaction to take place, it is necessary for the reacting particles to collide with each other with enough energy to break or form new bonds between the other particles, which is
Investigate the rate of cooling of a beaker of water.
Rates Of Cooling AIM:- The aim of this experiment is to investigate the rate of cooling of a beaker of water. I already know some factors that affect this experiment: * Mass of water in container (the more water, the longer the time to cool because there are more particles to heat up and cool down. * The starting temperature. (The hotter the temperature, the more heat it is able to lose, so the bigger the difference in temperature every 5 minutes as it cools) * The temperature of the surroundings. (If the temperature of the surroundings change it will not be a fair test each time it has to return to room temperature for each experiment) * The amount of insulation. (The more layers of insulation, the higher the risk of heated particles being trapped inside, and therefore the warmer the water) * Whether the container has a lid. (The lid helps insulation and radiation. Keeps the water warmer. Because it is black the heat is absorbed) * Whether a fan is used. (The fan cools the particles in the water down more quickly.) THEORY:- When the copper particles of the calorimeter are heated by the Bunsen burner, kinetic energy is transferred very easily to them and they violently vibrate on their axis. This is an example of conduction. A fairly still atom can pick u[p vibration from a hot atom because they are joint together by bonds. The copper conducts heat very well, and the
Cooling curve
CHEMISTRY LAB REPORT - COOLING CURVE INTRODUCTION: A cooling curve is actually a line graph representing the change in the state of matter of a substance, either from solid to liquid or liquid to solid. In this graph, time is usually represented on the x - axis and temperature on the y - axis. The particles in the wax in the solid state slowly start to get more energy when heated and start to move more rapidly at a certain temperature and then change to liquid. When it has to change from liquid to solid, the particles in the wax start to lose energy and come close together till they become solid. VARIABLES: Independent Dependant Controlled Temperature change Time taken for wax to solidify Environmental change, amount of wax taken. APPARATUS: > Boiling tube > Beaker --> 250 cm3 (±25 cm3) > Thermometer --> range - 10ºC to 110ºC (±0.5ºC) > Clamp stand > Bunsen burner > Tripod stand > Wire gauge > Paraffin wax > Water for water bath (in beaker) > Stopwatch --> (±0.1 seconds) METHOD (GIVEN): ) Heat half a beaker of water to about 90ºC. 2) Clamp a boiling tube with paraffin wax in it and put it in hot water with the thermometer. 3) Measure the temperature of molten wax and start your stopwatch. 4) Record the temperature at suitable time intervals till all the wax solidifies completely. 5) Present your results suitably and interpret these in terms of
Is Human Activity Responsible For Increased Global Warming?
Is Human Activity Responsible For Increased Global Warming? Global warming is an extremely controversial issue and has been a popular subject in the news recently. Some people think that we humans are responsible for the increasing temperature of the earth; some people disagree and say it is down to natural causes but nobody really knows and this is what I have attempted to find out. First of all I researched what is global warming and what is causing it so that I could get some background information and I would know what I am talking about thoroughly. The earth's temperature is increasing due to global warming, fact. Global warming is caused by the rising amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CO), water vapour, ozone and nitrous oxide, there are others but these are the major ones. (http://www.polymath-systems.com/pubpol/globwarm.html, by Kevin Langdon, Published in Gift of Fire (the journal of the Prometheus Society) #140, July 2003, who got this information from; http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/climate.html and http://www.ecocentre.org.uk/global-warming.html, 1996 This is an original document written by ECO Centre staff). They cause the greenhouse effect in the earth's atmosphere. The greenhouse effect works because when the Earth is heated by the sun, solar radiation passes
Micheal Jordan
In the time frame of 1987 to 2000 there was an individual that changed the game of basketball forever. He was truly a basketball icon of the 80's and 90's. His name was Michael Jordan. Michael Jordan is great because of his greatness on the court, life skills off the court and his accomplishments in life. Michael Jordan is great because he is a remarkable leader on the court. Jordan was the captain of the Bulls during 1987 through 1999 era. He lived in Chicago because his team was there. He was team captain because he was a leader, he wanted to make his team better and his teammates had the same goal as him which ones to be the team. Jordan's ability to lead a team was amazing and like no other. Michael Jordan appeared in 11 all-star games in his 14 season in the national basketball league (N.B.A) and had won 4 all-star games most valuable player (M.V.P). His most memorable game was in Las Vegas in February 1999 were he scored 41 points and was just brilliant. These examples show how much Jordan was a great player. Jordan led the bulls to 6 N.B.A championships in the years of 1991, 992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998. The reason why Jordan won those Simon 2 many championships because he was such a great player and it was difficult to stop his force on the court. Michael Jordan is great on the court because he was the main ingredient and the
The aim of this report is to give a summary of the experiments executed in the Electrical Laboratory, on Analogue-to-Digital (ADC) and Digital-to-Analogue (DAC) Conversion.
Summary The aim of this report is to give a summary of the experiments executed in the Electrical Laboratory, on Analogue-to-Digital (ADC) and Digital-to-Analogue (DAC) Conversion. This experiment was executed to learn the principles of Analogue and Digital and compare their measurements and performances between different converters. The initial experiments focused on Digital-to-Analogue converters. For this analysis the R/2R Ladder network was used. It is a variation of the current Summing method due to the range of values of resistors needed to convert higher order number of bits. The Analogue-to-Digital conversion was done using 2 methods, the Ramp converter and the Successive approximation ADC. Both methods were measured and compared. Fortunately, all these experiments were done using an experimental board that made all operations and settings easier to manipulate and measure. Introduction In order to execute and understand these experiments, it is essential to have a background on how converters are built and how sampling is of major importance in Analogue and Digital conversion. Two distinct properties of ADCs and DACs are their sampling rate and resolution. Resolution is a "size" characteristic, as it determines the number of bits that the output or input is capable of using. An ADC with n-bit resolution can generate 2n different output codes. The
Fermi Surface. The properties of a material is guided by the arrangement of atoms within the material, which reflects the shape of a Fermi surface, thus the Fermi surface has a direct correlation with properties of materials.
Fermi Surface A Fermi surface is a term used in solid state physics that describes a theoretical interface which defines the allowable energy states of electrons in a solid. In otherwords it describes a surface of constant energy in k-space. It was derived by the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi, who along with the English physicist P.A.M Dirac developed the statistical theory of electrons [1]. Fermi surfaces are of great interest due to their beneficial nature of being able to predict the electrical, thermal, optical and magnetic properties of crystalline metals, semiconductors being the most valuable. Fermi surfaces can be seen as being closely related to the atomic lattice [1], which is the underlying feature of all crystalline solid, and to energy band theory, which depicts the distribution of electrons in such crystals. Electrons within a solid can only lie within two areas, the valence band, where they are bound into a specific position and the conduction band where they are free to move. However electrons may only enter the conduction band at higher energies. Each electron has a specific energy within a band, which can be related to its momentum. At absolute zero, the energy associated with an electron may not exceed a value called the Fermi energy, separating the allowed electron states from those which cannot be occupied. In order to create a visual representation of
Hooke's law lab report. Hookes law and the investigation of spring constant k
Hooke's law and the investigation of spring constant k * Aim To examine Hooke's law and to determine the value of spring constant k. * Introduction Robert Hooke (1635-1708) was born at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, son of John Hooke, curate at All Saints' Church [1]. He was one of the most brilliant and versatile of seventeenth-century English scientists, who discovered the law of elasticity. Between 1658 and 1678 Robert Hooke worked on his invention of the watch-spring and developed his theory of elasticity, now known as Hooke's law.[2] Hooke's law states that "the extension of a helical spring is directly proportional to the weight applied, provided the elastic limit of the spring is not exceeded." [3] However, the limitation of this law is if the spring is stretched beyond its elastic limit, meaning that there is a limit to a spring where if you stretch it too much it will deform, thus the spring will have a new spring constant.[4] Below is the equation of Hooke's law: *where F = the force applied, here is the weight (N), k = the spring constant (N/m), e = the size of displacement (m) Historical background: Hooke was never a person who did one thing at a time; indeed he seemed at his best when his mind was jumping from one idea to another. At the same time that he was working on the air pump he was also thinking about clocks and how they could be used in determining the
Investigation of the relationship between period and length for a simple pendulum and the determination of g
Investigation of the relationship between period and length for a simple pendulum and the determination of g * Introduction A simple pendulum consists of a point mass 'm', suspended from a fixed point using a mass less ideal string of length 'l', such that it can move forth and back from its mean position. When the simple pendulum is set in motion, it moves back and forth periodically. One complete to and fro movement of a pendulum about its mean position is known as an oscillation or vibration. The time taken for one oscillation is known as the time period (T). The time it takes to make complete oscillation is called the frequency 'ƒ' of the oscillation is the number of oscillation simple pendulum made in one second: ƒ = 1 / T. Here are the laws of a simple pendulum: o The period of a simple pendulum of constant length is independent of its mass, size, shape or material. o The period of a simple pendulum is independent of the amplitude of oscillation, provided it is small. o The period of a simple pendulum is directly proportional to the square root of length of the pendulum. o The period of a simple pendulum is inversely proportional to the square root of the acceleration due to gravity. [1] *where T = time for 1 cycle (s), l = length of pendulum (m), g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) This study invests the relationship between the period and the length of a
How is the internal resistance of a standard battery affected by Temperature
How is the internal resistance of a standard battery affected by Temperature Internal resistance can be affected by many factors. One main variable, and the one I will be exploring is that of temperature. Hypothesis- I predict that the temperature rise and increase in the internal resistance will be directly proportional. In ideal conditions, this would be the case , however, we must remember to account for atmospheric influences and human error. It is more likely that after a steady rise, the correlation will become more and more negative, as the water bath , in which the battery sits begins to cool. Other influences, such as efficiency of the battery and the method in which it is used will also effect its performance. Batteries conduct heat , they must have the ability to do so as they are made of metal (Zinc) and convert chemical energy into electrical, a by product of which is heat. If a battery were not built to withstand this they would over heat and become useless. As it stands they tend not to , especially not on this small scale (AA batteries) however, I do believe that the hotter the water in the bath , the more significant the change in efficiency within the battery. As molecules in a battery obtain motion through kinetic energy (a consequence of heat energy) , the movement of the electrons within the battery slows down. Brownian motion dictate that more