Gender Inequalýtýes ýn Labour Market
Telemez 1 Özkan Bugra Telemez 20300347 International Relations Sec. 48 - 20th Century Gender Issues Jessica Sands 7th May 2004 GENDER INEQUALITIES IN LABOUR MARKET Since the early 20th century, women were always unequal and not allowed to prove themselves in politics, science and social life in Turkey. They were always seemed like a simple object and they were externalized. Women struggled for their rights in the 70s and 80s and they succeeded. They studied schools and universities, fought for their rights in social areas. They fought with the conciousness of the despised. Now, they are in every field of life and trying to gain respect. They appear in many important occupations such as architechture, engineering, art, administration, management and politics. Although women are educated as well as men, they have less positions and less wages than they deserve. Firstly, it is obvious that women are recieving less pay for doing the same job as their male counterparts. And Secondly, the responsibilty of childcare is a great handicap for them to close the gap of employement in the male-dominated labour market. Except for the agreements of inequality, Arnold Pacey objects the inequality of recieving less wages. He states that " Women are gaining their respect back and they improve thir cerebral power with education. High-education makes women more greedy and they can
An Observation into the representation of males and female in British advertisements.
An Observation into the representation of males and female in British advertisements Abstract An observational study was conducted to test the hypothesis that there is a marked difference in the way men and women are portrayed in British advertisements. A total number of 52 advertisements were recorded and observed for the following categories: sex of central character; sex of background character; type of argument given by central character; credibility of central character; role; product type and location. There were only slight differences in the way men and women were portrayed. The observations were compared using the chi-square test, however the differences were not significant.CONC Introduction The media plays a vital role in our society, especially in developing people's opinion and their attitudes. It has an intensifying effect on its viewers, which in most cases is children and sets the trend as to how everyday life should really be. Advertisements are also a powerful source of information. One can see that the advertising world "labels" many people. Advertisements emphasise the point that if you buy a particular product charm, comfort and cheerfulness will be yours, whereas this is highly unlikely! The media not only develops people's opinions but advertisements also portray images, which reflect society's attitudes. Murray et al (1972) note that
Critically evaluate Nancy Chodorow's theory of the origins of gender identity in childhood. In what ways does the theory adapt the classical Freudian idea of the importance of fathers in the 'Oedipul stage' in a child's development?
Critically evaluate Nancy Chodorow's theory of the origins of gender identity in childhood. In what ways does the theory adapt the classical Freudian idea of the importance of fathers in the 'Oedipul stage' in a child's development? Once focused on ourselves rather than the world outside, the search for self-identity becomes crucial (Bauman 1990). The essence of self is cognitive and lies in the internalisation of conversations, gestures etc, which constitute thinking. Hence, the origins of the self are social (Mead 1934). In simpler societies self-identity develops almost exclusively in direct face-to-face relationships, to which corresponds an immediate sense of collective identity. In more complex (modern) societies, self-identity is formed in a more dynamic reality. An important dimension of self-identity is the identification of gender with all social scientists believing that appropriate gender roles are learned through imitation, training and admonitions and cognitive learning processes (Chodorow 1978). Freud still largely dominates the field of gender identification, often referring to sexual identity whilst doing his work on gender. Freud believed that we could not become our 'self' without incorporating others in some way. His work focused on the Oedipus complex (the Electra complex for women), which involves the child's unconscious desire to possess the
Gender Effects In Ethnography.
GENDER EFFECTS IN ETHNOGRAPHY Anthropologists use various methodologies in the aim of understanding different lives and cultures. Which methodology used is dependant on what the anthropologist wishes to achieve. Ethnography is a popular and successful methodology with Sociocultural Anthropologists as it is the direct study of culture and society through interaction and immersion in a society via fieldwork. Ethnographers seek to dispel ignorance about a culture through asking for assistance from the people who belong to it (Handwerker, quoted in Fetterman 1988: 4). When planned and conducted correctly ethnography can provide an invaluable and wonderful amount of insight into other cultures. Many ethnographic reports describe the success and failure of fieldwork. A great deal note the success of ethnographic research is dependent on the level of community acceptance achieved by the anthropologist. Karim suggests that acceptance into a community is required so that the community is not "tainted with misconceptions" (1993: 89) and act in a way they assume is expected by the anthropologist1. Rasmussen & Warren (2001: 21) indicate that first impressions are essential to community acceptance and the quality and type of data collected by the anthropologist. A combination of an anthropologist's appearance, characteristics, age, experience, gender and the current political
'Children's cultural worlds are divided by gender'. Discuss.
Option 2 'Children's cultural worlds are divided by gender'. Discuss. 80% I believe that in several ways children's cultural worlds are divided by gender but in other ways they are not. The dictionary defines gender as "sexual characteristics or category", which implies that it is determined by genetics. Theorist Judith Butler (Book 1, Page 203) tells us that "human conduct and human knowledge about the world are so enmeshed in an understanding of what it means to be female or male that we cannot escape from seeing people as defined by their sex - their maleness or femaleness - and hence as 'gendered'". The writer and cultural critic Raymond Williams refers to "culture as a way of life that makes sense to individuals involved in a particular community" (Book 3, Page ix). In this essay I intend to look at the ways in which a child's masculinity or femininity affects their experience of childhood and so can be said to divide their cultural worlds. In doing this I shall consider the areas of gender identity, play, friendship and emotion, social history, education and language. Even before a baby is born its gender is the subject of speculation. Should the parents buy pink or blue clothing and choose a boy or girls' name? Research cited by Lloyd and Duveen (Book 1, Page 198) demonstrated that babies are treated differently, depending on whether they are wearing pink or blue.
Critically discuss 3 examples of contemporary family diversity.
Critically discuss 3 examples of contemporary family diversity(1.2) The nuclear family unit is in the minority with only around 39% of households being made up of a heterosexual couple with dependent children. This is obviously changing all the time as single parent families, cohabiting couples and those that are married evolve into, or evolve from, the nuclear unit. There appear to be differences between middle-class and working-class families in terms of the relationship between the parents and the influences they have on the socialisation and discipline of the children. Class diversity seems to show that middle-class families have a greater interest in the education of their children, and pass on advantages and values which help their children through the education system. However, even if working-class families are just as child-centred, material deprivation would limit how much help they could give their children. Therefore the working class child would have fewer chances due to poverty, poor schools and lack of material support. Cultural diversity shows there are many differences between families based on cultural and religious beliefs. Research carried out by Essex University in 2000 shows that only 39% of British born Afro-Caribbean adults, under 60 years of age, are in a formal marriage, compared to 60% of white adults of the same age. This group are far more
Gender Differences in Attitudes towards Sexual Infidelity
Gender Differences in Attitudes towards Sexual Infidelity Rajat Passy Liverpool Hope University College Hope Park Liverpool, L16 9JD Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT A questionnaire-based study was carried out to determine whether there is a relationship between gender and attitude type, (positive or negative), towards sexual infidelity. Gender differences in attitudes were observed and measured using a Likert scale. Following an evolutionary model (Buss, 1992), it was hypothesized that males would have a more positive attitude towards infidelity when placed in the position of the perpetrator of the infidelity whereas females would have a more negative attitude towards sexual infidelity. Findings were consistent with evolutionary hypotheses. Males scored more positively (n=30, M=26.93, SD = 7.34) than females (n=30, M=17.93, SD = 5.31). An independent samples t-test resulted in a statistically significant difference between the two samples of gender (t = 5.439, DF = 58, p < 0.001). A discrepancy was identified as men; although they feel more distressed by their mate's sexual infidelity than emotional infidelity, are more permissive of sexual infidelity when placed in the position of the perpetrator. Implications and limitations of the present findings are discussed. Contents . Introduction .................... Page 3 2. Method .................... Page
How Is Gender Identity Influenced by social structures?
HOW IS GENDER IDENTITY INFLUENCED BY SOCIAL STRUCTURES? Identity is a fundamental part of everybody. It engages individuals in society and defines them. It is an active process that requires both decisions and involvement. Identity is not the same as character or personality. If people were plays, then identity would be the plot and character and personality would simply be the props. Essentially, identity has two elements: How individuals see themselves and how they are seen. The two are not necessarily the same. Imagining how we appear is an important element of identity. This is vividly illustrated in the style of dress a person adopts when attending a job interview. The interviewee imagines what their clothes will say to the interviewer. (Mead, 1934). Adopting an identity involves recognising aspects of ourselves in a particular imagine or style. This recognition and the feeling of belonging it generates can be described as being "hailed" by that identity. Its like saying "That's me! I can see myself" (Althusser, 1971). Identifying with an image is much exploited by advertisers who use aspirational images of life styles to promote products. There are many influences on identity. These include: Upbringing, class, peer pressure, aspirations, opportunities, occupation, race, nationality, gender and politics. There are two key forces that produce identity: agency
Discuss the significance of popular music for youth and gender identities
Discuss the significance of popular music for youth and gender identities Ever since the birth of youth culture in the years following the Second World War, young people have tended to attach themselves to one of a number of specific subcultures. Thus it has so far been the case that youth as a whole can be viewed with a degree of accuracy as being divided into a relatively small number of dominant subcultures, with location and economic factors often dictating the local subcultural mix. Similarly, since the growth of music as a universally accessible form of popular entertainment, music itself is often viewed as consisting of a number of easily recognisable genres and sub-genres. This essay will examine the evidence of a link between these two twentieth century phenomena and discuss the possible significance of any link for youth and gender identities. The earliest significant youth subculture is the teddy boy. Emerging in the 1950's,the teds were vilified by the press and demonised by parents as a symbol of Britain's decline. Their style consisted of the drape jacket, suede shoes, drainpipe trousers and overblown quiffs. The look was designed to shock and subvert and to this end it succeeded. For any youth style to endure however it needs icons to give it credence, to actively communicate that styles continuing viability. For the teddy boys this role was performed by the
Sex Selection for Family Balancing.
Jaclyn Matzen English 100 October 28, 2002 Sex Selection for Family Balancing Interest in sex control has increased through the years as a result of cultural, social and medical reasons. Interest has increased because preconception methods, such as "sperm sorting", have become more prevalent. This method does away with the painful decision to terminate a second-trimester pregnancy especially for couples at risk for X-linked genetic disorders. As word of this technology has spread, it has attracted the interest of couples that want to use it for "family balancing." (Steinbock, 24) In the recent past, when sex selection depended on abortions, most doctors could not justify the psychological and physical risks of an early termination of pregnancy just because a couple wanted a baby of a particular sex. Thus, sex selection was only justified in cases of sex-linked diseases. Now, that pre-conception selection is a possibility, the objections due to abortion are no longer relevant. A limited number of physicians have already been performing medically assisted sex selection for non-medical reasons. This leads to the dilemma that currently exists. Questions about the morality of sex selection for non-medical reasons and concerns over the social consequences of widespread use of this technology are many. Some of the issues that have been examined are the threat to the