Can CBT make a meaningful contribution in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and severe personality disorders? Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for psychosis focuses on altering the thoughts, emotions, and behaviours
Can CBT make a meaningful contribution in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and severe personality disorders? Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for psychosis focuses on altering the thoughts, emotions, and behaviours of patients by teaching them skills to challenge and modify beliefs about delusions and hallucinations, to engage in experimental reality testing, and to develop better coping strategies for the management of hallucinations. The goals of these interventions are to decrease the conviction of delusional beliefs, and hence their severity, and to promote more effective coping and reductions in distress. This essay will attempt to assess the contribution of CBT to each of the disorders in turn by discussing reviews on efficacy, long term effects, compliance and cost, and then compare the outcome of CBT with alternative form of drug and therapy treatments. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia usually involves a dramatic disturbance in thoughts and feelings and results in behaviour that may seem odd to other people. Some people hear voices, others see things which are not there, or feel they are being persecuted. Some people only experience one episode of psychosis and some recover from schizophrenia. Over the past ten years the use of CBT for treating schizophrenia has been extensively studied. Much informative research has been conducted using the
Schizophrenia and related psychosis.
The author of this work is currently employed as a community psychiatric nurse whose remit is to work with those clients with serious and enduring mental illness, the majority of whom have a medical diagnosis of schizophrenia and related psychosis. Over the past 10 years there's been a growing movement towards diverse treatments for schizophrenia other than the acknowledged role of medication as a treatment modality (Birchwood and Tarrier 1993). Developments in psychological theory have led to a number of innovative psychological treatments drawn from human experimental psychology such as behavioural and social psychology and cognitive science. Therapies based on cognitive behavioural theory have been rapidly developing, initially for the so called 'neurotic disorders' but in recent years evidence has accumulated to suggest that these cognitive behavioural approaches can be effective for those people suffering from psychosis ( Williams 1995). The aim of this assignment is to explore the basis of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and review its' therapeutic application to schizophrenia. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is an evolutionary paradigm that came about a from the merging of the established paradigm of behavioural therapy and contemporary cognitive therapy (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). Behavioural therapy historically focused on anxiety, phobic
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis Helen Healy, David Reader and Kenny Midence INTRODUCTION Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia are not new in the research literature. Psychological treatments have been previously used in the treatment of schizophrenia. For example in terms of behaviour therapy, operant approaches such as token economy programmes were used in the 1960s and 1970s to improve the behaviour of patients in long stay hospitals. However, the evidence suggests that the clinical gains were limited and did not generalise beyond the therapeutic setting and also did not address delusional convictions (Alford 1986; Himadi et al 1991). Other psychological treatments for schizophrenia can be traced to early work devoted to studying the impact of the social environment on mental illness. A plethora of early studies focused on the role of the family environment in the maintenance of schizophrenia which in turn led to the concept of expressed emotion (Brown et al 1972; Brown & Rutter 1996). Family interventions were first developed as a method for reducing levels of expressed emotion among relatives and are now recognised as a significant aspect in the treatment of schizophrenia. This approach marked a paradigmatic shift in the way family members were viewed by clinicians and has led to efforts to improve communication between
CBT for Stress
CBT combines both the cognitive and behavioural approaches to psychology to provide a treatment for many things, in this case stress. It is based on two assumptions. ) Abnormal behaviour is the result of thinking traps e.g. catastrophising, black or white thinking and an all or nothing attitude and 2) Behaviour can be learnt ,thus it can also be unlearnt CBT sees behaviour as the result of a stimulus and a thought. So a stimulus is present in the persons environment, for example exams, a faulty thought or cognition occurs like 'I don't know anything!' and this causes an abnormal behaviour like throwing your revision guide at someone. CBT believes that by changing these faulty cognitions to healthier ones the behaviour will change as a result. In stress this form of therapy can be broken down into two sections - hardiness training and stress inoculation therapy. There are three stages to SIT - Stage 1: Conceptualization - The therapist and client explore how the client views and copes with stress Stage 2: Skill acquisition & rehearsal - This can be broken down into two types: Direct action and Cognitive Coping. Direct action is physical coping skills e.g. knowing an escape root in a stressful environment or breathing techniques. Cognitive coping is training the client to think differently e.g. 'I can cope', 'If I miss my deadline my life will not be over'. The client
Literature Review and Case study on CBT
Assignment 2 - Literature Review and Case study on CBT Literature Review Major Diagnosis: DSM-IV-TR (2000): Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder). According to the DSM-IV-TR (2000, p. 450) "The essential feature of Social Phobia is a marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur." In a situation where the adolescent has social phobia, exposure to a social situation will provoke an immediate anxiety response, sweating, palpitations, and/or panic attack. Further to this the DSM-IV-TR (2000, p.450) also stipulates that a diagnosis of Social Phobia is "appropriate only if the avoidance, fear or anxious anticipation of encountering the social situation" interferes significantly with the person's social or occupational functioning. Symptoms must have persisted for at least six months, before diagnosis and the presentation cannot be better accounted for by other disorders. . In order to confirm the psychopathology of adolescent social phobia, Beidel, Turner, Young, Ammerman, Floyd and Crosby(2007) carried out a clinical study on sixty-three adolescents with social phobia and compared them to a control group of forty three adolescents with no psychiatric disorders and established that while "clinically impairing social fear" was a common element for the group with social phobia, they also experienced "higher levels of
A reflective CBT Assignment
REFLECTIVE ESSAY In this assignment, I will provide a reflective account of my intervention with a client who for the purpose of this assignment and anonymity will be known as E. I will look at processes through which my developments in knowledge, skills and attitudes will be looked at in terms of the intervention over several sessions. Some of the sessions were with my supervisor with who I was able to reflect on the practice. On taking on this process of intervention, E completed a self assessment which is a collection of OCD specific and general anxiety. E, having marked highly on this, provided me with an initial picture of symptoms and the severity of any concurrent problems, eg. the severity of anxiety. After this a clinical evaluation was done which allowed a highly detailed picture of E's OCD. During this behaviour therapy was explained in an attempt to evaluate other anxiety problems that are present. This was a method generally, help treat OCD and for E to learn a variety of empirically supported strategies for managing his OCD. In consultation, E wanted to look at his OCD behaviour that has affected his life. Using the ABC framework, I formularised questions so as to take out reasons and feelings of looking when these triggers were occurring and to look at coping and confronting strategies so as to minimise their effect. It should be emphasised that
What are the key features of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT?) - How does CBT differ from more
What are the key features of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)? - How does CBT differ from more "person centred" approaches? In the first century AD, the Stoic philosopher Epictetus observed that people are not disturbed by the events that happen, more so by the view that they take of them (Woolfe and Dryden, 1996). The view a person takes of an event depends on their chosen orientation, and their orientation is influenced by their beliefs about their self in relation to the world (Woolfe and Dryden, 1996). This is the theoretical origin of contemporary Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, one of the major orientations of psychotherapy deriving from cognitive and behavioural psychological models of human behaviour (Grazebrook and Garland, 2005). The earlier of the two approaches was behaviourism, created by JB Watson in 1919 when academic psychology was in its infancy. Watson believed psychology need only concern itself with overtly observable phenomena, not invisible thoughts and images (McLeod, 2003). One of the primary theories pioneered by behaviourists such as Skinner, Watson, Pavlov, Tolman and Thorndike was that all behaviour and beliefs must be learned, and controlled laboratory experiments proceeded to discover how they were learned (McLeod, 2003). Pavlov's (1927) Classical Conditioning model and Skinner's (1938) Operant model of learning (Gross, 2005) were the
A History of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A History of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) By Yasemin MERIÇ - June, 2005 Social Science Inst. of Istanbul Dogus University Clinical Psychology Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is not a specific therapy but rather, a general classification of psychotherapy ("History," 2004). Within the CBT model, there are a few approaches and this include Cognitive Therapy, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, Rational Behavior Therapy, Schema Focused Therapy, Rational Living Therapy, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (2004). Each of these methods has a different developmental history (2004). Some are more popular than others. For example, REBT is well embraced as is cognitive therapy. Within the same family of psychology, each of these theories have different authors and different techniques employed in the course of treatment. First, what is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy exactly? CBT is a psychotherapeutic model that is utilized by psychologists or therapists in order to enhance positive changes in individuals ("Cognitive Behavioral," 2004). It is supposed to help in the alleviation of emotional distress, as well as to look at a variety of issues that relate to psychological, behavioral and social difficulties (2004). Therapists who engage in this approach serve to identify and treat problems which arise as it relates to an individual's irrational thought processes (2004).
D240 TMA-02 compare and contrast cbt and mindfulness in understanding and working with fear and sadness
PI: xxxxx D240 Counselling: Exploring fear and sadness. TMA02 Total word count: 2000 words. Total pages: 12 PI number: xxxxxx Name: xxxxxxxx Depression and anxiety, being the largest single cause of disability in our society are serious and the most common debilitating mental illnesses associated with significant human and economic costs (Mind, 2009). NICE guidelines states people diagnosed with these conditions should be offered evidence based therapies as an effective treatment (DH, 2011) and has approved Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and mindfulness to be available in the NHS (NHS, 2011). CBT considers thought, emotion, and behaviour to be interrelated seeking to help clients monitor their cognition and actions so as to help improve their emotional health and life satisfaction (APA, 2011). While mindfulness is intentionally being present in this moment in a non-judgemental way helping us break free from a downward spiral of negative thought and action enabling us to make positive choices while neutralizing fear and sadness (MHF,2012). The purpose of this assignment is to describe various components of CBT and mindfulness, compare and contrast them in understanding and working with fear and sadness, their limitations and advantages and explain the reasons for my inclinations towards CBT before conclusion. CBT is a goal-orientated, practical and structured
Level 2 Counselling skills. Theories -CBT, Psychodynamic and Person Centred.
UNIT 3 – ASSESSMENT 6 – RESEARCH PROJECT CHARMIAN BELLINGHAM PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY Freud is one of the most influential psychologists ever. His theories radically altered the way that people understand the mind and behaviour, and the therapy he developed for psychological problems was the first to be based on the idea that you could help people just by talking. He was the founder of psychoanalysis and one of the best-known figures in psychology. If Freud represents your layperson's idea of psychology, then you probably have an image of a patient lying on a couch talking about their deepest and darkest secrets. Psychodynamic psychology ignores the trappings of science and instead focuses on trying to get 'inside the head' of individuals in order to make sense of their relationships, experiences and how they see the world. The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality. Freud believed that we are aware of very little that goes on in our unconscious minds. Most of our thoughts, feelings and many of our memories are locked away in the unconscious. We don’t know they are there, but they have a huge impact on what we say and do. In other words, any of our actions may
