" To clone, or not to clone that is the question"

Michael Nowak Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main Institut für England- und Amerikastudien Ü Writing Skills Level I Frau Riemenschneider-Kemp SS 2003 Essay Nr. 2 " To clone, or not to clone that is the question" Cloning, what exactly is cloning? Cloning can not be seen as a definition of one specific scientific field. To give the reader an idea what cloning deals with I will give a short definition of the three major fields of cloning research. First there is DNA cloning or the so called recombinant DNA technology. This part of cloning deals with the multiplying of one and the same cell by extracting and recombining different chromosomal circular DNA molecules to make the cell more resistant against bacteria or other external influences. This technique is mostly used to develop food crops that grow faster and more resistant to environmental hazards than regular crops. Secondly we have reproductive cloning which is used to generate a new animal or organism that has the identical DNA of a current or previously existing animal. This goal is achieved through a process called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT) where scientists excerpt genetic material out of a healthy nucleus of an adult donor cell and replace it with the DNA of the object which is to be reproduced. The newly created artificial cell is then brought to cell division through a

  • Word count: 568
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Blood Factors and the DNA Fingerprint.

Blood Factors and the DNA Fingerprint Teri Davis Research Paper Summer 2003, Friday Mr. Speener While fingerprinting is still the only surefire way to separate identical twins, DNA testing provides its own advantages. I. Blood Typing A. A, B, O, and AB B. Rhesus Factor C. Deoxyribonucleic acid II. DNA Fingerprinting A. DNA typing 1. RFLP, PCR, STR III. Gathering Evidence at Crime Scenes A. Locations B. Storage IV. CODIS Conclusion: CODIS is used in the national, state, and local index system networks to link typing results from unsolved crimes with cases in multiple jurisdictions or persons convicted of offenses specified in the data banking laws passed by the jurisdictions. Blood's individual qualities were recognized years ago when doctors realized some transfusions were successful while others were immediately fatal. From observation came the ABO typing system and the first understanding of the Rhesus factor. While there are extremely rare or exotic blood types, most people can be classified into the A, B, O, or AB blood types. The fact that an AB type exists at all told early investigators that every individual actually carries two alleles, or traits that determine blood type-one inherited from each parent. Further studies proved that if each parent contributed an O allele, the child would be type O, but if one parent contributed an A and

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Playing God Will Not Help Us Grow - clonning.

Playing God Will Not Help Us Grow By: David Miron 4605756 For T.A. Matthew Furlong Concordia University, Problem Solving and Academic Strategies, Inte298P March 24, 2004 Table of Contents I. Introduction...................................................... 3 II. Ethical arguments against cloning................................... 4 III. Instability of Cloning in this Day and Age........................ 8 IV. The Emotional Risks of cloning..................................... 10 V. The Counterargument.................................................. 13 VI. Conclusion................................................................ 14 VII. Works Cited............................................................ 15 I. Introduction So The Lord God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep; and while he was sleeping, He took one of the man's ribs and closed up the place with flesh. Then The Lord God made a woman from the rib He had taken out of the man, and He brought her to the man. The man said, "This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called 'woman,' for she was taken out of man." For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh. (Genesis 2:21-24). I believe that over time God has given the human race many great skills in order to progress, skills such as: the power to fly,

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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The Lambda Protocol

The Lambda

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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The Relevance of the Human Genome Project in Biomedicine: Genes, Health and Future

The Relevance of the Human Genome Project in Biomedicine: Genes, Health and Future Abstract: The Human Genome Project began in 1990 and the project was set to end in 2005 but ended up finishing earlier than was expected in the year 2003. The improvement of technology (such as faster sequencing machines; these could sequence millions of pairs of human genomes at a fast rate) made this project finish quicker then was calculated. A large amount of scientists and researchers was involved in this project, and great knowledge and accomplishments were set to follow. The Human Genome Project provided great relevance to genes, health and future once researchers gained a vast knowledge about the way the human genome works in DNA and the relevance of genes in the way genes functions in tissues too. This has also helped in the medical industry as we now have more ways to find out the treatment and diagnosis of illnesses and genetic disorders such as cancer. Furthermore since the completion of the Human Genome Project, scientists and researchers are still finding out new information about human genomes and the way genes have effect on the human body. Introduction: What is the Human Genome Project? The Human Genome Project was an idea first acknowledged by Robert Sinsheimer in the year 1985; he was based at the University of California. At first no one took his idea seriously since it

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Public awareness of Cloning

Introduction Cloning could only happen in science fiction movies but now it seems like it is becoming a reality or is it? In this 21st century, anything is possible and this has been proven when the first man landed on the moon. Now there are talks of cloning going around and arousing suspicions in each persons mind. What is cloning? It is simply a term used when producing an identical of something but 'what' is the question. The discovery of DNA proved to be the ultimate discovery of all time as scientist has a better understanding of what we are. .1 Background Information Ever since the discovery of DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid, there had been amazing discoveries that had helped human race especially in the world of medicine and farmers in increasing the food production. Each year, scientists become more aware of what DNA is and how we inherit some characteristics from our parents. Then questions on possible cloning began to stir. Tests were carried out, experiments were done on animals and the results were both devastating and amazing. First of all, what is DNA cloning? To different people it has different meaning. According to a website www.cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk, DNA cloning is 'the use of DNA manipulation procedures to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA'. 1970's was when animal cloning began and the animal that was usually tested on was mice.

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  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Briefly outline the principles of five methods of protein purification.

Briefly outline the principles of five methods of protein purification. Techniques of protein purification have improved greatly over the last generation. This in turn has aided our understanding of proteins and their structure and function because our better protein samples have resulted in the ability to perform more conclusive experiments. Usually protein extraction and purification is only the start of perhaps determination of the protein's structure by crystallography which could lead on to designing effective inhibitors for medical purposes. Therefore purification is often an essential factor in the success of an experiment. If you want to actually obtain a sample of protein, there are several techniques that can be used. However some are clearly better for just detection of the protein's presence and it is less easy to get a sample from the results of the assay. Paper chromatography is a good example of this as ninhydrin spray and other stains can be used to detect the existence of the amino acids or peptides but it is very difficult to extract the results from the paper without an aggressive elution. Also immunoaffinity assays can be very sensitive since they rely on antibodies recognising and binding to the proteins that you are trying to detect but it is difficult to elute those proteins because they are held so tightly. The first method of purification that I

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  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Chron's Disease

Crohn's Disease Digestive System Caroline Makin BIO 202 November 19, 2009 I chose to write a research paper on Crohn's Disease because my grandmother has suffered with it for the past 30 years. My grandmother is very old fashioned and doesn't like to talk about private matters with her children. Therefore, all I really know about the disease is that it affects the digestive system. Upon completion of my research, I hope to be more knowledgeable on the disease. Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines. It primarily causes ulceration's in the small and large intestines, but can affect the digestive system anywhere between the mouth and the anus. It is named after the physician who examined the disease in a landmark paper written in 1932. It is also called Morbus Crohn's, Granulomatous enteritis, Regional enteritis, or Terminal ileitis. The disease is found in equal frequency in men and women, and usually effects young patients in their teens or early twenties. Once the disease begins, it tends to be a chronic, recurrent condition with periods of remission and disease exacerbation. The disease tends to be more common in relatives of patients with Crohn's disease. What are the symptoms of Crohn's Disease? The terminal ileum is commonly involved in Crohn's disease. Since the terminal ileum is located adjacent the appendix, right-sided abdominal

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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How To Identify an Unknown Organic Compound

HOW TO IDENTIFY AN UNKNOWN ORGANIC COMPOUND Firstly, you will need identify the functional group of the compound present. The standard state of the sample will narrow down the choice of what type of compound it is. In this case, as it is in a liquid state, it must be one of: an alcohol, ester, ketone, aldehyde, carboxylic acid or phenol. An alcohol can be determined by use of Lucas reagent. An ester by use of Bradys reagent. A ketone or aldehyde by use of 2,4-dinitrophelyhydrazine. If a positive result (orange precipitate), the compund can be oxidised by use of a suitable oxidising reagent such as acidified dichromate ion (VI) if it is a ketone, it will not be oxidised if it is an aldehyde (orange to green indicates oxidation has taken place). A carboxylic acid will react with 10% sodium carbonate vigorously by effervescence. Phenol will form a white precipitate when added to a solution of bromine water. Alternatively, the compound can be determined by analysis of its spectrum from laboratory equipment. This consists of gathering the following information: boiling point (if a liquid unknown), melting point (if a solid unknown), IR spectrum, mass spectrum, PMR spectrum, decoupled CMR spectrum (optional). When analyzing the IR spectrum, remember that the absence of a band is just as informative as the presence of a band. For example, if OH band is absent, you can eliminate

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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Genetics Report on Laboratory Grown Sperm

Anthony Mullin University of Derby Chemical Biology Yr 1 UG Student Genetics 4BY014 Laboratory Grown Sperm A Peer Group Licensing Debate Laboratory Grown Sperm A Peer Group Licensing Application Debate Introduction Whenever publicised the term 'genetics' evokes a plethora of mixed emotions with varying intensity; so much so that the author of any such statements must ensure that the information is delivered in detail with pinpoint precision with a substantial history of evidence. Failure to deliver the necessary criteria may potentially risk a joint peer and public backlash, to which any credible recovery could prove to be problematic. On July 7th 2009, an article was published in Stem Cells and Development entitled "In Vitro Derivation of Human Sperm from Embryonic Stem Cells" (liebertonline.com). The article in question detailed the in vitro development of a functional male gamete, synthesized entirely from embryonic stem cells and 'encouraged' to develop using a retinoic acid culture (liebertonline.com). Following this the article then appeared in various formats in the tabloid press from July 8th 2009. The UK based researcher, Professor Karim Neyernia stated he is "convinced they would be capable of fertilising eggs and creating babies" (Daily Mail, 2009). Today, in response to a recently published article, a peer driven think tank convened to consider the

  • Word count: 2255
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Biological Sciences
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