Skeletal System Anatomy
Assignment 1 Task 1 The functions of the skeleton are broken down into 5 main parts. Movement: The skeleton has movable levers that muscles are attached to; the muscles then pull onto the levers to move different bones in the body. Protection: The skeleton has certain bones that are made to protect important organs such as the ribs are there to protect the heart and lungs. Shape/Support: The skeleton gives the body its frame work so that it can stay in a certain form and also supports everything that is inside the body. Reproduction: The skeleton has certain bones called long bones that can produce and reproduce red and white blood cells in its bone marrow. Mineral Storage: The bones can store such things as calcium which the body needs to work properly and the bones can also store fat. (Figure 1 Bone Groups) Bones in the body are all divided into 5 different groups dependant on what there main job is, these bones are: Long bones: the long bones are used for reproduction of red and white blood cells and contain bone marrow, they are also work as levers some examples of long bones would be the femur, tibia, fibula and humerus. Short bones: these are shorter than the long bone and don't have bone marrow and are mainly used for movement some examples of these would be the carpals and metacarpals. Flat bones: these bones have flat smooth surfaces and are mainly there
With reference to Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis describe the effects of ageing on skeletal tissue.
With reference to Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis describe the effects of ageing on skeletal tissue. Many changes occur in the body as we age. Changes happen amongst the bones, joints and muscles, and two results of this are Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis. Osteoarthritis doesn't have any genetic link nor it is an autoimmune disease. In a person with Osteoarthritis, the normally very smooth surface at the cartilage of the joints become rougher and therefore making the joint movement more difficult and can be very painful. Some degeneration of the joint happens in everyone as they age so therefore nearly everybody over sixty has some degree of roughening of the cartilage in their joints. Howe ever the degree of roughening in people does vary as some may only have very mild symptoms. This term 'Osteoarthritis' is normally only used when the degradation of the cartilage has become so bad that there is significant pain and loss of mobility. With Osteoarthritis changes occur in the collagen and the glyco-proteins that help to give resilience of the cartilage, so that these gradually break down. Normally the replacement of cartilage is the same as the breakdown however this disruption caused the breakdown to be faster then the replacements. This results in the loss of cartilage at the joints and surface of the bones along with the reduction in flexibility. It becomes
Comments on shot putting techniques (students)
Comments on shot putting techniques (students) I have obtained digital pictures of students throwing a shot put which I will try and comment on what they are doing wrong and describe the type of muscles they are using. During a shot put the following joints are used, foot, knee, elbow, and shoulder. Antagonistic muscles used attached joints, contract and relax. Agonist muscles used biceps and triceps. To obtain this maximum contribution to speed, the stronger, larger, but slower muscles must be used first (thighs, trunk); followed by the weaker, smaller, but faster muscles of the arms, hands, feet, and lower legs. Although there is a sequence involved, it is imperative that all the forces be applied as simultaneously as possible. Before describing the students let me describe a professional attempt at shot putting to make it easier to compare. To describe the above pictures as you can see the person starts with a relaxed low posture and has his elbow high, while the shot put is just about touching his neck. . Then you can see his hips start off balancing. 2. He slowly starts extending his rear leg. 3. When the rear leg is fully extended the glide is low and fast. 4. The shot putter gets into the power position with his hips open and his shoulders closed 5. The chin, knee and toe are now in line. 6. The right hip pushes horizontally to the front 7. The shot is
Application of Anatomical and Physiological Knowledge to Improve Performance
Application of Anatomical and Physiological Knowledge to Improve Performance Identification and Justification Strength: Means the power of resisting attacks, to resist force and most importantly the capacity for exertion or endurance whether physical or mentally. There are three types of strength needed in football but they are needed for different reasons at different times some of them are: Maximum Strength: In football the maximum strength you exert is rare however when doing a long throw-in you need the maximum strength to power the ball a long way. Elastic Strength: In football the elastic strength you exert could be when you change direction of your running quickly and spring off a foot to start your sprint again Strength Endurance: In football strength endurance. Suppleness: The quality or state of being supple and flexible. In football Suppleness is important because without it you are prone to injury but that is the same with most sports so specifically for football suppleness is needed when goalkeeping. This is when you are diving for a save or reaching high to punch away the ball Stamina: Energy and staying power, especially of the kind that is needed to tackle and withstand prolonged physical or mental exertion. Stamina is the ability to be able to run or perform that extra bit longer and increases your fitness so that you can last longer doing exercises.
Diet plan for an athlete. In my athletes diet plan I have included a high amount of carbohydrates this is because a sufficient amount of energy
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Breakfast hard boiled egg with 2 slices wholemeal toast topped with low-fat spread. Plus 1 small glass of orange juice 2 slices wholemeal toast topped with peanut butter and 1 small banana. Plus 1 kiwi fruit. 4 poached eggs on toast, one banana, 1 cup of orange juice and a yogurt. 2 Eggs Poached wholemeal toast 2 slices of wholemeal toast, a glass of orange juice and a banana bowl of cereal with a glass of orange juice and one large banana, 2 whole meal slices of toast bowl of cereal with a glass of orange juice and a large banana, 2 slices of wholemeal bread Snack Protein bar Pasta pot Packet of mixed nuts Pasta pot Protein bar Protein bar Protein bar Lunch 3 spring onions, 5 cherry tomatoes and 1 green pepper. Red kidney beans, chick peas and fat-free dressing. Serve with salad and 1 wholemeal bread roll. French bread with 2 slices ham, salad, Plus 1 small yoghurt. Grilled chicken and salad sandwich Mussels, boiled potatoes and mixed vegetables Tuna pasta Jacket potato with baked beans and cheese Grilled salmon and salad tortilla wrap Snack Packet of mixed nuts Isotonic drink Fruit loaf Protein bar Banana smoothie Apple and a pear Packet of mixed nuts Protein bar Tea Tortilla wraps with mayonnaise and grilled chicken lean loin lamb chop served with 1 jacket potato, vegetables
PE Biological Definitions
Suppleness The definition of flexibility, suppleness and mobility is the range of movement possible round a joint and this depends on the amount of stretch allowed by the ligaments, joints, tendons and muscles. Flexibility is an important component of physical fitness for all athletes as increasing your flexibility aids performance and helps to avoid unnecessary injury. It is impossible to have the same degree of flexibility around all joints as the joint structure itself limits flexibility, for example a lot of movement is possible at the shoulder joint because it is a ball and socket joint, but movement at the hinge joint of the knee is more limited. Increasing body temperature helps to improve flexibility, which is a good reason why an athlete should always warm up. Our range of movement deteriorates as we get older, due to shortening of the connective tissue and general joint degeneration caused by wear and tear. Why should a netballer do mobility exercises? The objective of mobility training is to improve the range of stretch of the antagonistic muscles. Mobility plays an important part in the preparation of netballers by developing a range of movement to allow technical development and assisting in the prevention of injury. All athletes require a basic level of general all round mobility to allow them to benefit from other forms of training. In addition, netball
impacts of exercise essay
Discuss both the positive and negative impact of participating in different types of physical activity on the joints and muscles of the body (10 marks) Participating in different types of activities all have benefits and positive impacts but they can also have negative impacts as well. Sometimes when training for a sport or event a performer can over train. Especially in high impact sports an athlete can get Achilles tendinosis which is predominantly a condition of wear and tear caused by overuse training. When forces are too large and are applied too rapidly the Achilles tendon can rupture and then best option from there is surgical repair and rehabilitation programme followed after. Another injury you can get from over training is jumper's knee which is called patellar tendinosis which is inflammation of the bottom of patella where the patella tendon inserts into the bone. This condition is normally related to biomechanics (the fact that jumping is often done with the joint not moving through the anatomically correct range and plane of movement during a jump). A third injury you can get is tennis elbow which is inflammation of the tendons which connect wrist and finger extensors to the outer part of the arm just above the elbow. This is a type of injury that can be cause by overtraining in tennis. You can also get shin splints which is an irritation of the muscle insertion
Different Types of Mental Training
Task: B1 Introduction to Different Types of Mental Training An athlete qualifying for an Olympic Final competes against athletes who are fit, strong, flexible, powerful and skilful. All the competitors have devoted time and energy to becoming top-class athletes. However, there is only one champion and two medal winners. Often the difference between a medal and eighth place is a fraction of a second or a few centimetres. Interviews with athletes who succeed at this highest level often focus on which aspect of their preparation made them different from everyone else. Nine times out of ten these great athletes refer to a mental edge or psychological toughness. An athlete who wants to compete against other talented athletes needs to think carefully about mental preparation. It is not enough for them to expect to win simply because they have coved more mileage then the next athlete, or because they have lifted heavier weights. In the final analysis it is often more important to keep the mind in the pressurized environment of competition. In this essay I will be covering different forms of mental training employed by the sport psychologist. Imagery Imagery and mental rehearsal are techniques that are frequently used in sport and exercise psychology because of the verity of applications they have in different settings. Imagery Imagery is a polysensorial and emotional
Joint Classifications
There are three classifications of joints in the human body, they are; the immovable, the slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) and the movable (synovial). The first of the three joint classifications is the immovable joints. The immovable have the least amount of movement possible as stated in their classification's name. The reason the immovable joints have no movement available to them is because; they are in a fixed position to protect vital organs such as; the cranium protecting the brain or the thoracic cage and sternum protecting the heart and lungs. The second of the three joint classifications is the slightly movable joints. The slightly movable joints have a very minimal range of movement available to them. The reason the slightly movable joints have a limited range of movement is attributed to the fibrous tissue or cartilage surrounding the joint. The vertebral column is a slightly movable joint and is built this way to stop us damaging our central nervous system (CNS) by moving in ways the CNS was not built to move in, and thus stopping us from causing out own paralysis or death. The final of the three joint classifications is the movable joints, also known as the synovial joints. The synovial joints make up most of the joints in the body and, they usually give the highest range of movement. The reason the movable joints are referred to as synovial joints is; the
Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres
Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres How they affect your performance It is generally accepted that there are two basic types of muscle fibres. Slow twitch (Type I) muscle and fast twitch (Type II) muscle fibre. Research is currently looking at the specific makeup of these fibres and the 'fast' and 'slow' categories are much simplified. It appears that the fast twitch fibres can be further categorized into Type IIa and Type IIb fibres (1)(2). Until further evidence is available however, these distinctions will help us discuss and understand how muscle fibers affect performance. Human muscles contain a genetically determined mixture of both slow and fast fibres type. On average, we have about 50% slow and 50% fast fibers in most of the muscles used for movement. The slow muscles contain more mitochondria and myoglobin which make them more efficient at using oxygen to generate ATP without lactate acid build up. In this way, the slow twitch fibers can fuel repeated and extended muscle contractions such as those required for endurance events like a marathon. The two fiber types generally produce the same amount of force per contraction, but fast twitch fibers produce that force at a higher rate (they fire more rapidly). So a lot of fast twitch fibers can be an asset to a sprinter when there is a limited amount of time to generate maximal force. The slow twitch fibers, on