Body In Action
Short & long term effects on the cardiovascular & respiratory systems Cardiovascular system This system is for transporting oxygen, food and waste products around the body. The cardiovascular system includes the heart, the network of blood vessels and, of course, the blood that transports vital materials around the body. The heart is about the size of a closed fist and it comprises of four chambers and consists of mostly the cardiac muscle. The heart is seen as two separate pumps, which work together and the main function is to pump blood around the body. The right side send deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the left side send oxygenated blood to the organs of the body. A muscular wall called a septum separates the two pumps. The two chambers at the top part of the heart are the atria. The two lower chambers are the ventricles. There are many blood vessels associated with the heart. The top and the both venae cavae bring deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium. The pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. The pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The aorta takes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. It is the same as other muscles for the fact that it requires a blood supply. There are four valves within the heart - two separating the atria
Sports Science
BTEC National Diploma in Sport & Exercise Science Unit 16: BIOMECHANICS Assignment One 'Initiation and Development of Movement' Task 1 - Below is a picture of a Javelin thrower, I am about to discuss the muscle actions, action at the joints, action of the limb segments and the muscle contractile velocity and force. Class Notes In the diagram you can see that the body is working at the right and left wrist, the right and left elbow, the right and left shoulder, the spine, the hips, the right and left knees and the right and left ankles. The muscles actions taking place at the:- The right wrist is in supination because the palm of the hand is facing upwards, the wrist is also extending due to the extensors contracting in a concentric manor while the arm is fully extended so the flexors will relax. The right elbow is also extending, the angle between the radius and ulna becomes closer to 180 degrees, this means that the bicep will eccentrically contract whilst the tricep concentrically contracts making the bicep longer and the tricep longer. The right shoulder is in a phase of horizontal abduction because it is placed out to the side of the body so the deltoid contract concentrically and the pectoralis major contracts eccentrically. The reason the right arm is extended is to get as much angular force into the throw as possible, this is because the more force the javelin
Body in Motion
ASSESSMENT TASK # 2: BODY IN MOTION . Describe the fitness test performed in the lab that effectively measures cardio-respiratory endurance. (5 marks) The fitness test performed in the lab that was used to effectively measure cardio-respiratory endurance was the multi-stage fitness test otherwise known as the 20 metre shuttle run or the 'beep' test. Two cones were set up twenty metres apart. The participant must move between the cones back and forth throughout the duration of the test. This test is based under the instruction of a voice on a CD. The CD may be purchased from The Australian Coaching Council / Australian Sports Commission and it is important that the tape or CD is not damaged in any way as this could affect timing of the beeps due to stretches on the CD or stretching of the cassette. The volume of the tape must also be loud so that all participants can hear it. Prior to the test participants are advised to stretch and warm up to reduce the risk of injury. Appropriate supportive clothing and footwear is to be worn to maximise safety. The voice instructs participants of what they are required to do throughout the entire duration of completing the test. At the beginning of the test the voiceover instructs when there are 20 seconds and 5 seconds until the commencement of the test and then participants must begin the test. They must reach the opposite cone
The human bodys immune system
Assignment: A2 Introduction In this assignment I am going to describe and discuss the human body's immune system, its structure, function and operation by analyzing each section below. We are all surrounded by bacteria, viruses, fungi and other organisms that are capable of invading our bodies and causing disease. We are able to overcome infections, because we have an immune system. This is a complex system involving many different cells and tissues that allow us to develop immunity resistance to infections. Common pathogens include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protoctists. This last group includes microscopic parasites such as Plasmodium, which causes malaria, and larger parasitic animals such as tapeworms. A pathogenic organism is able to: * Break through the physical barriers of the body and enter tissue or cells * Resist the efforts of the immune system to destroy it, long enough to multiply inside the host body * Transfer from one host and infect others * Damage the host's tissue either directly or indirectly by means of toxins that it releases. Immunity is a system of the body defense which offers protection against disease caused by infection. The immune system can detect the difference between your own (self) cells and non-self cells by recognizing unique protein markers which exist at cell surfaces (any cells perceived as foreign by a body's immune system
Different Types of Mental Training
Task: B1 Introduction to Different Types of Mental Training An athlete qualifying for an Olympic Final competes against athletes who are fit, strong, flexible, powerful and skilful. All the competitors have devoted time and energy to becoming top-class athletes. However, there is only one champion and two medal winners. Often the difference between a medal and eighth place is a fraction of a second or a few centimetres. Interviews with athletes who succeed at this highest level often focus on which aspect of their preparation made them different from everyone else. Nine times out of ten these great athletes refer to a mental edge or psychological toughness. An athlete who wants to compete against other talented athletes needs to think carefully about mental preparation. It is not enough for them to expect to win simply because they have coved more mileage then the next athlete, or because they have lifted heavier weights. In the final analysis it is often more important to keep the mind in the pressurized environment of competition. In this essay I will be covering different forms of mental training employed by the sport psychologist. Imagery Imagery and mental rehearsal are techniques that are frequently used in sport and exercise psychology because of the verity of applications they have in different settings. Imagery Imagery is a polysensorial and emotional
Dwain Chambers PE coursework
Coursework, 2008 An analysis of Dwain Chambers 100m final sprint at the 2003 Paris world championships (august 25th 2003), where he finished fourth in a time of 10.08s. Unit 1: - Movement analysis Sprinting is an event fairly low in technical prowess, but high in power, and this is down predominantly to the sequence of movements which allow the athlete to run. During the main body of the sprint (I.e. after the start) there are two phases, the 'drive phase' and 'recovery phase.' The drive phase of Chambers sprint was the time where his foot was in contact with the track and his muscles (mainly his in his legs) contracted to move him along. Dwain Chambers would have performed hyperextension at his ball and socket hip joint during his drive phase, and this action would have been brought about by the contraction of the gluteus maximus and minimus muscles, as well as the hamstrings. During the drive phase of his run, Chambers would have experienced extension at the hinged knee joint; this would have been brought about by the concentric contraction of the main agonist muscle which in this case would have been the quadriceps. At the ankle plantar flexion would have taken place as the recovery phase of the sprint came to an end and his foot left the track. Chambers would have controlled this action through contraction of the gastrocnemius, to move his foot towards the ground. The
Exercise health and lifestyle
Unit 7: Exercise health and lifestyle Maintenance of health and well being In the report I am going to write I will be discussing the important factors that can help you become healthy and the factors that can make you unhealthy. The lifestyle factors include . Physical activity 2. Alcohol 3. Smoking 4. Diet In recent years the heath of the UK population has gone in a downwards spiral the main reasons this is happening is due to all the technology coming out. When kids were bored in the UK about 30 years ago they would go out and play football which meant they were taking part in exercise now a days kids would rather stay in side and watch TV or play on a console. This means that kids aren't getting enough exercise like before and as kids will carry on eating the same junk they will start putting on weight. Another factor that has affected the UK health is adverts as kids spend about most of their time watching TV so any type of food that is advertised kids will automatically want to buy it. Advertising should be to show kids how to eat healthy instead all the show is sweets and fast food like McDonalds which is bad for you. Also most kids these days wont have a good health education lesson to teach them all about what foods to eat and what foods not to eat. Simply having one of these lessons once a week will help kids understand how to stay healthy and the
Skeletal Systems
The skeletal system the framework within the human body that supports are body and it is what makes us stand up. Without this we would be no more than a human blob on the floor which would be unable to move. The skeleton is not just for support; on the other hand it is used for protection of all the vital organs (cardiac and respiratory), bodily kinetics, and is also home to the framework which makes all the organs function called the brain. A fully formed skeleton is formed of 206 bones from head to toe and each of these bones varies in size and importance. In the skeleton there are different types of bones and they all have different shapes according the function they carry out and where they are placed: Long Bones-These consist of a hollow shaft of hollow bone, which in the ends of this, proximally and distally, consists of spongy cancellous bone. Muscles are attached to these to help with movement. Short Bones-They are irregularly cube shaped and are mainly cancellous bone which is covered by compact bones on the outside like a Christmas present with the wrapping on the outside and the present on the inside. Flat bones-the main jobs of flat bones is to protect vital internal organs and also they provide excellent muscle attachment areas for muscles. Irregular bones-they have a variety of shapes and sizes and they also have a variety of jobs to perform on the
Extrinsic injury risk factors
Gary Boswell Extrinsic injury risk factors Typical extrinsic injury risk factors include the following: * Excessive load on the body (such as the nature and speed of movement, the number of repetitions, impact, footwear or training surface) * Training errors (such as rapid increase in training distance, high intensity training, hill training, fatigue, poor programme structure and design, poor exercise or sport technique) * Poor or inappropriate equipment (such as footwear, headgear or protective clothing) * Ineffective rules (including rules or safety guidelines that are not enforced) Typically, when any overuse injury is being evaluated, the specialist will ask questions to determine whether any of the above factors has contributed to the injury. Excessive load on the body The tissues of the body are potentially capable of withstanding considerable stress. For example, it is not uncommon for upwards of three times the body weight to go through the body even when jogging slowly. However, tissues that have not been accustomed to such forces will not have adapted to withstand them and are therefore likely to be injured when they are applied. Certain types of movement demand that the body either develops force rapidly or must control force very quickly. Sprinting and jumping for example, require the muscles to develop big forces very quickly to 'power' the action
I am going to investigate the relationship between the size of our biceps muscle and how strong those make are grip.
Introduction: I am going to investigate the relationship between the size of our biceps muscle and how strong those make are grip. Prediction: I predict that muscles do play a part in giving people more strength and grip. However there are also many other factors to consider such as the size of the fingers, palm and basically the whole hand, as with bigger hands you can have a better grip and apply your full strength. I also predict that the male gender of the class will mostly be stronger than the female gender of the class with a few exceptions. I predict that the person with the biggest biceps will have the biggest grip because as they would have bigger biceps muscles they would have more strength and more muscle fibres. Scientific background and Research on what and how Muscles work: Muscles are protein- rich tissues that are able to contract by up to ten % of their resting length. A ten % movement is quite small, so bones act as levers to magnify this movement. Each bone has at least two muscles attached to it- one to pull in one direction and another to pull in the opposite way. This is because muscles can only pull, they cannot push. A contracted muscle can relax, but it cannot push itself back to its original length. It needs another muscle to do that. Pairs of muscles acting in opposite directions are called antagonistic pairs. All muscles must be paired with