Muscle fatigue and Muscle fibre type
Muscle fatigue and Muscle fibre type Introduction The objective of this lab report was to investigate the relationship between muscle fatigue and the proportion of fast twitch fibres. Human muscles are made up of a mixture of different fibre types: Fast Twitch oxidative, Fast twitch oxidative Glycolytic and Slow Twitch. The method used was action potential propagation velocity of motor axons in the ulnar nerve. The conduction velocity in a nerve is the speed at which the impulse travels along it. "The larger the diameter of the fibre the faster the nerve impulse will travel." "Each action potential arriving in the motor nerve always produces a muscle action potential, which then spreads along the membrane of the muscle fibre giving rise to a contraction of that fibre. Because of their relatively small size, it is difficult to record the electrical activity of nerve fibres themselves at the surface of skin close to the fibre. This problem can be overcome by recording the electrical activity of the muscle fibres innervated by the nerve instead."(Physiolgical systems accessed on 21/11/04).,The electromyogram (EMG) is relatively easy to record since detectable electrical currents flow across the skin surface above the body of the muscle. Hypothesis That there is a relationship between the portions of fast twitch fibres and muscle fatigue. Methods See sheets attached in
PE Coursework - Section 2
Warm up The aim of a warm up is to prepare the body physiologically for future exertion as to avoid strain, or even possible injury to muscles, tendons or even bones. It releases adrenaline so the heart beats faster, it dilates the capillaries which allow the oxygen in the blood to flow through easier and it also increases the speed of nerve impulses which makes the performer more alert. However a warm up is also used to prepare the performer psychologically so they a prepared for the task they are about to perform. It is also used to boost morale of people before sports matches for example the Hakka is performed by the New Zealand All Blacks before a rugby match. They use this in competitive matches to intimidate their opponent and to raise morale and confidence. A basic warm up should consist of the following things * 5 to 10 minutes jogging - to increase body temperature and help redistribute the blood to working muscles. This will mainly help warm up the muscles in the legs, quadriceps, hamstrings, gastroenimus * 10 to 15 minutes dynamic stretching exercises - reduce muscle stiffness, these should be held for 15 seconds * 10 to 15 minutes general and event specific drills - preparation for the session or competition, this will help the performer get into the right frame of mind for performing their task e.g. for ballroom dancing perform a simple routine. Dynamic
The effects of Rheumatoid Arthritis on joints.
THE EFFECTS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS ON JOINTS. This subject has been chosen because the writer feels the need to clarify the cause and effects of the disease Rheumatoid arthritis and dispel a few myths about it being an old peoples disease of the bones, personal experience has taught that this is not the case at all. Most people hear the word Arthritis and think immediately of old people with bad joints. In the case of Rheumatoid Arthritis this would be far from the truth. Rheumatoid arthritis starts with a factor in the blood, believed to be passed genetically, which you are either born with or not. If you have the factor you can be totally unaware until you reach old age, equally you can become rapidly debilitated in your youth. Many researchers in the medical profession believe that an allergic reaction to something can be the key that activates this disease and personal experience seems to substantiate this. Rheumatoid arthritis affects more than 350,000 people in Britain alone, arthritis research campaign online (2003). To give a brief description of how Rheumatoid arthritis works, a joint is where two bones meet and are covered with cartilage to allow them to move easily and without causing any friction, the cartilage also acts as a shock absorber. The joint is surrounded by the synovium (a membrane), which produces a thick fluid (synovial fluid), which acts as a
Health Related Fitness Cardiovascular Fitness - This is to do with the heart and blood vessels providing oxygen to working muscles
Adam Garner 11A Health Related Fitness Cardiovascular Fitness - This is to do with the heart and blood vessels providing oxygen to working muscles for long periods of time. Having an advantage in this component of HRF allows a person to train and compete for longer without getting tired or out of breath. Footballers are good examples of sportspeople that need this ability. Flexibility - The range of movement around a joint. This allows performers to carry out the correct techniques, performances and decreases the risk of injury. Gymnasts need this component of HRF. Somatotype - This is describing the person's body shape on a scale of 1-7. The 3 types of somatotypes are Endomorph ( dumpy wide hips, ) Mesomorph ( high proportion of muscle ) and Ectomorph ( thin and slim hips ) The type of your body can effect the choice of sport or your ability to perform to the best in a specific sport. For example a 20 stone man built for a prop in rugby couldn't take up horse racing and be as successful as a 9 stone man built for horse riding. Muscular Strength - The amount of force and muscle a person is able to exert against any type of resistance. Boxers and weightlifters are good examples of sports people that would need this component of HRF for their sport. Muscular Endurance - The ability of the muscles to contract and relax continuously over long periods of time. Bikers are
The effects of Anabolic Steroids
Drugs There are different types of drugs, but I am going to write about the effects of Anabolic Steroids. Anabolic Steroids Description: Anabolic steroids are performance enhancing drugs. They are a synthetic form of the chemical testosterone that is normally found in the body. By taking anabolic steroids, a person's testosterone level can be raised up to a hundred times more than the usual amount of 2.5 to 10 mg. per day. The increase in testosterone increases anabolic activity, which results in greater muscle bulk. It also increases protein synthesis and androgenic activity (enhanced secondary sexual characteristics) in males. The users of steroids want to increase the anabolic effects and reduce the androgenic effects, but no steroid is known to have just anabolic effects. Use: Anabolic steroids can be taken in two ways, by injection or they can be taken orally. Both oral and injected steroids carry benefits and adverse effects. Orally taken steroids are well absorbed into the stomach and they are excreted fairly rapidly. The bad side of taking oral steroids is that they are more toxic than injected steroids. They are highly potent, which makes the risk of overdosing very high. Steroids that are injected are less toxic to the liver and are less potent than oral steroids on an equal dosage basis. Injected steroids have a delayed take up, which makes them
The Roman period - woodcraft.
The Roman period involved the use of tools such as saws, drills, and chisels, and different kinds of joints. Finished products of the many hours spent by carpenters do not exist in large quantities simply because wood does not survive long enough. What does survive, in addition to a small number of wooden objects, are the remains of some of the tools used in woodworking and descriptions of them and their uses in text. Since screws were not yet in use in woodworking during Roman times, joining two pieces of wood was generally done through the use of joints. A joint is the way of joining two separate pieces of wood at an angle, or making a long piece of wood out of two smaller ones. The choice of specific types of joints was made based on the wood available and what use it would serve. Joints were made to withstand tension, compression, or torsion. Tension is the stress caused by a force exerting a pulling action, compression is the stress caused by a force pushing two objects together, and torsion is the stress caused by a force twisting or turning on both sides. The joints were not made, however, to withstand all three of these stresses at the same time. The saddle joint is a frequently used joint because it is one of the simplest. This joint is done by making matching, opposing notches in two pieces so they can be joined at a ninety degree angle. This saddle joint was
The Vertebral column
The Vertebral column The vertebral column, which connects the skull to the pelvis, is also called the spine. It consists of 24 bone discs called vertebrae and an additional 9 fused vertebrae that make up the lowest part of the spine, the sacrum and tailbone. Each vertebrae of the vertebral column has protruding bony areas for the attachment of muscles that are important for the spine to move. The spinal column protects the spinal cord and its emerging nerves that run down most of the length of the spine. The vertebrae have two major functions: * To bear the weight of the body * To house the spinal cord or nerve roots within the spinal column The spine is arranged in four natural curves: * The cervical curve, made up of 7 vertebrae - where the vertebrae curve forward. * The thoracic curve, made up of 12 vertebrae - where the vertebral column curves backward, and to which the ribs attach. * The lumbar curve, made up of 5 vertebrae - which curves forward in the same direction as the cervical spine. * The final curve, made up of the sacrum and coccyx, is called the pelvic or sacral curve, and curves backward like the thoracic curve. When these curves are in their proper positions, the body is in a balanced position. This distributes weight evenly throughout the vertebrae so one is in a less vulnerable position for strain and injury. In addition to allowing humans
Javelin Analysis Aerobic Power/cardio-vascular endurance.
Javelin Analysis Aerobic Power/cardio-vascular endurance Javelin throwers need little or no aerobic power/cardio-vascular endurance because their event is purely anaerobic and lasts for such a short period of time that in needs only fast twitch fibres to achieve success. Anaerobic power/speed Javelin throwers undoubtedly need very good anaerobic power and speed because they take part in an event, which only takes a short period of time and requires a maximal effort. In terms of muscle fibres that they need to achieve the best results they require a very high percentage of fast twitch muscle fibres in comparison to slow twitch muscle fibres (around 60/70% fast twitch and 40/30% slow twitch). Of which of that 60/70% they want as many FTG (fast twitch glycolytic) muscle fibres as possible because their event is purely anaerobic so unlike FOG (fat oxidative glycolytic) muscle fibres which combine both of the two types, FOG's can work almost as well anaerobically as FTG muscle fibres but they lose some power and strength because they have a slightly small muscle diameter thus meaning they are not as strong. Yet because javelin throwing is purely anaerobic, competitors will want to get the full capacity out of their fast twitch muscle fibres which they can only do with FTG muscle fibres. Despite this FOG muscle fibres will be helpful for the javelin throwers over a series of
Hydration and Sports Performance Signs and symptoms Water is the most important nutrient, particularly for athletes this is because water is 85% of the body
Hydration and Sports Performance Signs and symptoms Water is the most important nutrient, particularly for athletes this is because water is 85% of the body. It is important to keep hydrated before, after and during exercise this is because an athlete can lose up to 1 litre of water per hour during endurance exercise. Therefore re-hydration is essential especially in a hot environment. The symptoms of hydration are: * Thirst * Decreased blood volume * Concentrated urine * Difficulty concentrating * Dizziness * Breathing difficulties * Confusion and poor speech * Muscle spasms * Tingling and numbness of limbs * Renal failure * Death Conditions caused by lack of fluids Muscle cramps are sudden, involuntary contractions or spasms in one or more of your muscles. They often occur after exercise, lasting a few seconds to several minutes. They can occur after exercise of up to 2 hours and are often the result of luid loss or inadequate slt intake when sweating heavy. Heat exhaustion Heat exhaustion is where the body loses its ability to cool down efficiently. Normally, the body cools itself by sweating. But if you are exposed to high temperatures for a long time and don't replace the fluids you lose, the body systems that regulate temperature become overwhelmed. The athlete's skin will feel moist and clammy they will have a fast, weak pulse and shallow breathing,
The human bodys immune system
Assignment: A2 Introduction In this assignment I am going to describe and discuss the human body's immune system, its structure, function and operation by analyzing each section below. We are all surrounded by bacteria, viruses, fungi and other organisms that are capable of invading our bodies and causing disease. We are able to overcome infections, because we have an immune system. This is a complex system involving many different cells and tissues that allow us to develop immunity resistance to infections. Common pathogens include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protoctists. This last group includes microscopic parasites such as Plasmodium, which causes malaria, and larger parasitic animals such as tapeworms. A pathogenic organism is able to: * Break through the physical barriers of the body and enter tissue or cells * Resist the efforts of the immune system to destroy it, long enough to multiply inside the host body * Transfer from one host and infect others * Damage the host's tissue either directly or indirectly by means of toxins that it releases. Immunity is a system of the body defense which offers protection against disease caused by infection. The immune system can detect the difference between your own (self) cells and non-self cells by recognizing unique protein markers which exist at cell surfaces (any cells perceived as foreign by a body's immune system