The Effectiveness of Different Solutions to Prevent or Treat Malaria
Issue Report: The Effectiveness of Different Solutions to Prevent or Treat Malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease commonly known in tropical and subtropical regions such as Sub Saharan, Africa, Asia and America. It is a potentially fatal blood disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. There are four types of plasmodium parasite that can infect humans and these are: Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariaecan. Malaria parasites are transmitted successively infecting two types of hosts: Female Anopheles mosquitos and humans. This is how the Malaria Life Cycle works: Bitten by a mosquito, during feeding, malaria parasites (sporozoites) leave the mosquito salivary gland and enter the human bloodstream. Then the malaria parasites enter the liver, infect the liver cells (hepatocytes) where they multiply into merozoites parasites. The liver cells eventually rupture and release more parasites in the blood. The parasites invade the red blood cells where they continue to multiply and develop to trophozoites and schizonts and rupture the cells. The blood stages cause the clinical symptoms of malaria. Some parasites enter the red blood cells and develop into male and female reproductive cells (termed gametocytes). The gametocytes are transferred to another mosquito when it feeds on the human. Then the
effect of temperature on the rate of respiration in yeast
Effect of temperature on the rate of respiration in yeast Aim: My aim is to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration in yeast by using a universal indicator. Background theory: Enzyme: Enzymes are organic catalysts that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently altered in the process. Enzyme Characteristics * Lower the energy of activation * Form reversible complex with substrate. * Not consumed in the reaction therefore they are effect in small amounts * Very specific - (Induced fit hypothesis) react with only a single substrate. * Many need cofactors, such as certain vitamins, to be activated. * 2000+ enzymes per cell, different cells have different enzymes. * Enzymes are produced by genes. * Genetic disorders are the result of faulty enzymes. * Operate best in optimum conditions of pH, temperature, etc. * Are controlled by feedback mechanisms. Enzyme mechanism: Key and theory: The substrates (reactants) are attracted to the enzyme molecule. They join forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The reaction occurs on an area of the enzyme molecule known as the active site producing new substrates(s) or products. Induced fit hypothesis: The attraction of the substrate and enzyme form an enzyme-substrate complex. It was originally referred to as the Lock and Key Enzyme Theory. The current theory
Investigating effect of changing glucose concentration on respiration in yeast
Investigating the Effect of a Variable on the Rate of Respiration in Yeast Method . Make a yeast solution with the yeast concentration of 20% by mixing 4 parts water with 1 part powdered yeast. 2. 20cm3 of this is added to a conical flask 3. Now, add 10cm3 of water and the appropriate amount of glucose 4. Keep the contents of the conical flask at a constant temperature (40c) using a water bath. 5. Use a glass gas syringe to measure the amount of CO2 produced in two minutes. 6. Repeat each reaction three times to get an average of carbon dioxide produced. To work out the percentage of glucose solution, I divided the mass of glucose added by 30 as the yeast solution added was 20cm3 and the water 10cm3 hence a total volume of 30cm3. Conical Flask Yeast Solution added (cm3) Volume of water added (cm3) Mass of glucose added (g) Overall Glucose Concentration (M) A 20 0 0 0 (control set-up) B 20 0 2 C 20 0 4 2 D 20 0 6 3 Results To find the average of the carbon dioxide produced, I added the 3 repeats and divided it by 3. To work out rate of reaction I divided average CO2 by the time taken in seconds (120). Conical Flask Carbon Dioxide Produced (cm3) Rate of Reaction/ cm3 s-1 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 3 Average Average CO2/Time (Secs) A 7 7 8 7.33 7.33/120= 0.06 B 7 8 7 7.33 7.33/120= 0.14 C 6 20 9 8.33 8.33/120=
Measurments of boby temperature, heart rate and breathing rate
Saira Iram Shaukat Unit 5- Senzenni Assignment 5-P6 Measurements of body temperature, Pulse rate/heart rate ) Introduction: For this assignment I have been asked to write up a report on the experiments that we c `1qarried out. The experiments were to measure our breathing rate, pulse rate and body temperature. I will also be showing my results after all these experiments in a graph and I will be explaining the method of how we carried each of the experiment out in a safe practise way. 2) Method used: The first experiment that we done were measuring our pulse rate. We used a stop watch to make sure the timing was accurate for each time we performed it. A member in my group checked my pulse rate by putting their index finger and middle finger on the inside of my wrist, at the beginning of this we started the stop watch and done this for 15 seconds. This measurement was classed as At rest point. After we done this I done exercise for 5 minutes. I jogged in the same pace around the classroom. Once I done the exercise I got my pulse checked again I done this for 15 seconds like before. I recorded the results in a table. After 2 minutes I checked again and again after 3 minutes following onto 4 minutes. Throughout this I made sure I recorded my results straight away in the table so that it would be accurate. The second experiment that we carried out was measuring our
The part played by micro-organisms in the nutrient cycles
The part played by micro-organisms in the nutrient cycles Micro-organisms although small are a key factor for the Earth's survival. The Earth needs the biogeochemical cycles to survive; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur.(Neff, 2009) Both the carbon and nitrogen cycles use micro-organisms. Without these the cycles would not work and the Earth could not survive. Earth's atmosphere is approximately 78% nitrogen, much more commen in the atmosphere than either carbon dioxide or oxygen. Nitrogen is essential for many biological processes; it is in all amino acids, is incorporated into proteins, and is present in the bases that make up nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. In plants, much of the nitrogen is used in chlorophyll molecules which are essential for photosynthesis and further growth. Therefore it is crucial for any life on earth to exist.(Smil, 2000) The nitrogen cycle is a biogeochemical cycle. It is the circulation of nitrogen; where nitrogen from the atmosphere is turned to nitrates in the soil, which are absorbed by plants, and in turn are eaten by animals that die and decay returning the nitrogen back to the soil, which is then denitrified back to the atmosphere. Carbon too is a main part of life. Carbon is the fourth most abundant chemical element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. It is present in the oceans, the
Experiment examining the effect of mineral deficiencies on plant growth.
Core Practical Write Up Investigate the effect of plant mineral deficiencies Planning Dependant variable: we are going to be observing the changes in root length, plant body length, number of living leaves and colours of leaves. Independent variable: we will be varying the mineral deficiency in the agar jellies. There will be five ager jelly dishes. There will be one dish containing all nutrients; one dish lacking magnesium; one dish lacking nitrogen; one dish lacking calcium; and one without any of those nutrients. Controlled variables: We are going to be controlling the type of plant growing in the agar jelly. We are using Mexican hat plantlets for our experiment. The time between each measurement is going to be controlled, when one plant is observed all the other plants will also be observed so plants have equal amounts of time to grow. Hypothesis: From what I have learnt in class when a plant lacks nitrogen it should be unable to grow larger because amino acids production will be reduced. A plant lacking magnesium would be unable to produce chlorophyll therefore the leaves would become yellow coloured and not so green. The plant lacking calcium would have a stunted growth due to the role of calcium ions in the structure of the cell walls and membrane permeability. I expect the plant lacking all nutrients to have all three of these properties and possibly just die
Respiration including Glycolysis and Link Reaction
Respiration Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but san be converted from one form to another. It exists as potential (stored) energy and kinetic energy. a) All living organisms need energy to run their biological processes. These are collectively called metabolism. Anabolic= build up large molecules, catabolic= large molecule --> small molecules some energy from catabolic reactions is heat which is useful as metabolic reactions are controlled by enzymes which need a suitable temp. These metabolic processes need energy: Active transport- moving ions across membrane against conc. gradient. Secretion- large molecules made in some cells exported by exocytosis. Endocytosis- bulk movement of large molecules into cells Anabolism examples- smaller molecules --> large e.g. proteins AA, steroids cholesterol, cellulose from B-glucose. Replication of DNA & synthesis of organelles before a cell divides Movement e.g. flagella, cilia and muscle contraction Activation of chemicals- glucose is phosphorylated at start of respiration so more unstable and can be broken down to release energy b) The hydrolysis of ATP is coupled with synthesis reactions e.g. DNA replication or protein synthesis as these require energy. The energy released from ATP hydrolysis is the immediate source of energy for these biological processes. c) Adenosine= 0 phosphate groups Adenosine
Biology coursework investigation: Comparing the length of ivy leaves (Hedera helix) in areas of greater illumination and shade
Biology coursework investigation: "Comparing the length of ivy leaves (Hedera helix) in areas of greater illumination and shade" Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the length of leaves of ivy plants (Hedera helix) climbing on two Hornbeam trees (Carpinus betulus) in two different light intensities. The hypothesis was that the lengths of Hedera helix exposed to a higher light intensity ("sun leaves") would be shorter than Hedera helix exposed to a lower intensity of light ("shade leaves"). The light intensity was measured using a light meter and the lengths of the midrib vein of 30 leaves were measured from each of the two trees. The method describes how leaves were chosen to ensure that they were approximately the same age. The results were analysed using a students t statistical test and it was concluded that there was a significant difference between the lengths of the two groups of leaves. The main reason for this was concluded to be the structural differences in the Hedera helix in the sun and shade. Background information on Hedera helix Previous investigations have shown that there are structural differences between the leaves of ivy in areas of high light intensity and areas of low light intensity. Shade leaves of ivy are typically thinner than sun leaves and also have a larger area in comparison. This is due to them having a thinner cuticle and one layer
Describe the role of energy in the body and the physiology of three named body systems in relation to energy metabolism
Describe the role of energy in the body and the physiology of three named body systems in relation to energy metabolism (p4) Explain the physiology of three named body systems in relation to energy metabolism (m1) Introduction In this assignment I will describe how energy works in the body and why we need energy. I will also link this to the three body systems relating to energy. The three body systems I will be discussing: . Respiratory 2. Digestive 3. Cardiovascular What is Energy? Energy is made up of glucose + oxygen, ATP and ADP (adenosine triphosphate). Energy is measured in kilojoules or calories. Image form: (http://sciencenavigators.blogspot.com/2009/11/cellular-respiration-inside-of-me.html) APT /ADP There are three sources of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the body's main energy source on the cellular level. . ATP-PC system (phosphogen system) this system is used for very short durations of up to 10 seconds. The ATP system doesn't use oxygen and doesn't produce lactic acid. This is the primary system behind very short, powerful movements. For example power lifting, golf swing. 2. Anaerobic system (lactic acid system) the anaerobic supplies energy for exercise lasting less than 2 minutes. This system is also known as the glycolytic system. This system would be used for activities such as a 400m sprint. 3. Aerobic system- this is a long duration
How caffeine affects daphnia heartrate
Aim: How caffeine affects the heart rate of Daphnia (water fleas) During this experiment we were examining the effects of different concentrations of caffeine on a type of water fleas called daphnia; the heart-rate is the dependant variable and the concentration of the caffeine is the independent variable. We tried to keep all of the other variables constant by controlling them. Such as the room temperature; the volume of caffeine; the type of water fleas ect. Our hypothesis is that as the caffeine increases so will the heat rate of the daphnia. This is because caffeine is a stimulant that increases the amount of neurotransmitters being released and therefore the production of the heart. Equipment: * A culture of Daphnia in a beaker of water * A microscope- with two cavity slides * Two dropping pipettes- one with a large mouth and one with a small opening * Cooled Distilled water * Cotton wool * Paper towels * A stop clock Method: . We picked out a couple of daphnia from the culture in the beaker with the pipette that has a big mouth. 2. Then, we got rid of the excess water, by squeezing the pipette to get rid of the extra water onto a paper towel. 3. Then, one of the daphnia was placed onto the small bit of wool which was on the cavity slide. 4. After that, we placed a small amount of cooled distilled water onto the second cavity slide before putting that
