Mole Ratios in a Chemical Reaction
Renee Buettel Period D4 Ms. Parziale /7/08 Lab #10: Mole Ratios in a Chemical Reaction Paul Bergin Abstract The main objective of this lab experiment was to balance the given chemical equation and to find the correct mole-to-mole ratio of it. The theoretical balanced equation was Pb(NO3)2(aq) + K2Cr2O7(aq) --> PbCr2O7(s) + 2KNO3(aq). In addition, the ratio of moles was one to one.and the correct mole-to-mole ration was one to one. The experimental results matched this ratio. The theory that was proven was that balancing equations give the correct mole ratio of a chemical equation. Introduction In a chemical equation, there are two sides. The chemicals on the tail end are called the reactants and the chemicals on the other side are called products. An example of this given by Coefficients (2008) is 2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O. In this example, "2H2 + 02" is the reactants and "2H2O" is the product. Also, "-->" is the sign for "yield." The big 2s in front of H2 and H2O are called coefficients. In this case, the first 2 indicates that there are 2 molecules of H2, which also means that there are 4 atoms of hydrogen in the reactant part of the equation. The other 2 signifies that there are 2 molecules of H2O as the product. This means that every molecule of H2O that contains 2 atoms of hydrogen contains 4 hydrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atoms. According to Chemistry Formulas (2005), the
Estimated heat distribution by convection in water
Estimated heat distribution by convection in water Introduction This report assesses the distribution of heat by convection in water to estimate the heat conductivity of water. The transfer of heat from a heating coil to a fluid is conduction but the heat transfer within the fluid is convection. This is basically fluid flow of particles arising from nature, heat, chemical or kinetics. The distribution of heat is assessed with various factors introduced. In this case a magnetic stirrer and a motor. This report presents an estimate of the effect of free and forced convention on the distribution of heat in water. Experimental method The apparatus were arranged as shown in fig. 1. A beaker of five litre capacity was places on a motor, four litres (4L) of cold water was put in a beaker. A heating coil and three thermometers were placed at various depths in the beaker of water and their various distances from the base of the beaker were recorded. Power was supplied to the motor and heating coil and at intervals of four minutes each; the temperatures on all three thermometers were read simultaneously. After four successful readings, the electricity supply was disconnected and the ambient temperature was recorded. This same procedure was repeated twice, the first with a magnetic stirrer and the next time without the magnetic stirrer but the motor operating. Distance from base
Nuclear Fusion as energy provider
For ?-decay, unstable atom emits an ?-particle, this can also apply to ?-decay. To distinguish ?-decay and ?-decay, here is a number of characteristic of each of the decay: relative charge, relative mass, nature, range, material to stop, deflection in electric field and magnetic field. ?-emission ?-emission Relative charge +2 -1 Relative mass 4 0.00055 Nature 2 protons + 2 neutrons (Helium nucleus) Electron Range 5cm 6m Material to stop Paper Aluminium(5mm thick)[] Deflection in electric field [2] Slightly towards negative terminal Greatly towards positive terminal Deflection in magnetic field[2] Slightly upwards Greatly downwards As an example, Bismuth can decay into Thallium and Polonium by emitting ?- and ?-particle respectively. For ?-decay of Bismuth: For ?-decay of Bismuth: The example above can show ?-particle is Helium particle while ?-particle is electron. Radioactive decay is different from fission reaction. Radioactive decay Fission . unstable . absorb 1 neutron 2. emit ?/?/?- particle 2. oscillate 3. become other elements 3. unstable 4.Fission (split) 5. give out 3 neutrons Fission reactions differ from radioactive decay both in the way that the reaction must be started and in the type of products that are formed [1]. Radioactive decay is a passive action, while fission is active. For radioactive decay, the atom is unstable;
Describe the construction, operation and application of distillation equipment used in industry
Faculty: Technology Assign/Activity Code: 306/02 Course Title: C&G 0603 - Process Technology Instructions for the use of this cover sheet (1) A cover sheet is required for every activity including presentations (2) Please complete all sections below (3) Staple the cover sheet to your activity Student name: Billy Whelton Unit(s): LEVEL 3 Unit 306: Distillation in the Process Industry Assignment/ Activity title: 02 - Distillation equipment & Their Safe Use Hand out date: 0-12-2007 Hand in date: 01-04-2008 Graded (Y/N) N Resubmission date for referred work: 08-04-2008 Student's comment on activity (if applicable): Student's Signature: ................................................ Date: ................. Assessment Grading Decision (by Assessor). Assessment decision following Verification. Activity designed by Assessed & graded by Key Skills Assessed by Name: Geoff Martin Name: Date: 28-06-05 Date: Internally Moderated by Internally Verified by Name: Name: Date: Date: You must store all marked activities in a portfolio (folder) for External Verification during the academic year. Grading descriptors PASS You have successfully completed all tasks and submitted all evidence as stated. Task Comments Pass Criteria Met Yes/No Grading Comments Overall Grade P/R Hand in date for referred work .................. Outcome 2:
Test for reducing sugars (Benedict's Test)
Additional reading materials for Chapter 5: Nutrition Carbohydrates: Mono-, Di- and Polysaccharides Below is the flowchart to show the relationship between monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (complex sugars) and polysaccharides (e.g. starch and glycogen). Important things to note: (a) Glycosidic bonds are chemical bonds that hold / join molecules of monosaccharides together. (b) Chemical formulae of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. (c) Polysaccharides are macromolecules, meaning they are very large molecules (made up of many many small monosaccharide molecules joined together in straight or branched chains). (d) Examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Test for reducing sugars (Benedict's Test) Given an unknown solution, you are to find out if it contains reducing sugars ... so you have to carry out the reducing sugar test (Benedict's test). NOTE: What are reducing sugars?? A reducing sugar (all monosaccharides and some disaccharides) will produce a brick-red ppt when boiles with Benedict' s solution. Non-reducing sugar: Sucrose Procedures: . To 2 cm 3 of the unknown solution in a test-tube, add an EQUAL VOLUME (that is the same volume as the unknown solution used: 2 cm 3 ) of Benedict's solution (blue). 2. Shake the mixture and heat it by immersing the test tube into a boiling water bath (beaker
OBJECTIVE: To determine the content of iron in iron tablets by titration.
LAB: #3 DATE: 25th September, 2007 TITLE: Analyzing Iron Tablets OBJECTIVE: To determine the content of iron in iron tablets by titration. MATERIALS: . goggles and lab coat 2. 2 125cm3 conical flask 3. 1 250cm3 standard volumetric flask 4. 1 50cm3 burette 5. safety filler and pipette 6. 1 stand and clamp 7. filter funnel 8. Bunsen burner kit Chemicals . Iron tablets 2. 1.0moldm-3 sulphuric acid (200cm3) 3. 0.01moldm-3 Potassium Per Manganate 4. Distilled water/ wash bottles 5. soap solution PROCEDURES: Making a solution of the tablets . 5 iron tablets were weighed accurately, and then dissolved in about 100cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 sulphuric acid in a conical flask. Some heating was required, but not more than the necessary needed to dissolve the tablets. 2. The mixture was filtered into a beaker, making sure that no solution was lost, then the conical flask was washed out with water and the washings were poured through the filter. 3. Finally, distilled water was poured over the residue and these washings we collected as well. The filtrate was then poured into a 250cm3 standard volumetric flask, washing out the beaker and adding washings to the standard flask. The mark was made up using distilled water. Titration
An experiment to show the relationship between shape and diffusion rate
An experiment to show the relationship between shape and diffusion rate Aim To see whether there is a relationship between the surface area and the diffusion rate Hypothesis I predict that the smaller blocks of agar will turn clear, or diffuse first, as it has a smaller surface area. This is because there is less surface area and volume for the sulphuric acid to diffuse into. Apparatus * Three sizes of agar, 20x20x20mm, 20x20x10mm, 20x20x5mm * 240ml of sulphuric acid [80ml per beaker] * 3 100ml beakers * Tile used for placing the agar * Tissue to wipe off the sulphuric acid off the agar * 3 scalpels * Ruler, measurable in mm * Stop clock * Calculator Method . First, cut three pieces of sulphuric acid in the following sizes 20x20x20mm, 20x20x10mm, 20x20x5mm, as accurately as possible 2. Next, fill the three beakers with 80ml of sulphuric acid each 3. Then, prepare the stop clock, and make sure it is has been reset 4. After, place the three blocks of agar into the sulphuric all at the same time, as well as starting the stop clock once the agar is in the sulphuric acid. 5. Carefully stir the three beakers using the scalpels. 6. Watch until one of the blocks have gone completely clear. 7. Once one of the blocks have gone completely clear, stop the stop clock and take out the three blocks of agar and place on the tissue, and wipe off the excess sulphuric
Demonstrate an understanding of the theory, principles and practice of separation of liquid mixtures by distillation techniques
Faculty: Technology Assign/Activity Code: 306/01 Course Title: C&G 0603 - Process Technology Instructions for the use of this cover sheet (1) A cover sheet is required for every activity including presentations (2) Please complete all sections below (3) Staple the cover sheet to your activity Student name: Billy Whelton Unit(s): LEVEL 3 Unit 306: Distillation in the Process Industry Assignment/ Activity title: 01 - Distillation techniques Hand out date: 5-10-2007 Hand in date: 0-12-2007 Graded (Y/N) N Resubmission date for referred work: 7-12-07 Student's comment on activity (if applicable): Student's Signature: ................................................ Date: ................. Assessment Grading Decision (by Assessor). Assessment decision following Verification. Activity designed by Assessed & graded by Key Skills Assessed by Name: Geoff Martin Name: Date: 28-06-05 Date: Internally Moderated by Internally Verified by Name: Name: Date: Date: You must store all marked activities in a portfolio (folder) for External Verification during the academic year. Grading descriptors PASS You have successfully completed all tasks and submitted all evidence as stated. Task Comments Pass Criteria Met Yes/No ALL All areas covered to a good level showing evidence of research and understanding YES Grading Comments Overall
Determination of the enthalpy change of neutralization
Chemistry Laboratory Report 4 Date: 27th October, 2008 Topic: Determination of the enthalpy change of neutralization Objective: To determine the enthalpy change of neutralization between different pairs of acid-base used (thermometric titration) Introduction Two methods are used to determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution and the enthalpy change of neutralization. First method: Measure the temperature change of the solution when different volume ratios of acid and base are mixed and reacted. Second method: Measure the temperature change of the solution upon each addition of a specified volume of acid to the base. Results > Method 1: Initial temperature of the solutions = 27.1 oC Volume of NaOH (cm3) 5.0 0.0 5.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 Volume of acid (cm3) 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 .00M Hydrochloric acid: Final Temperature (oC) 29.3 31.5 33.4 33.8 31.9 30.3 28.6 Temperature change (oC) 2.2 4.4 6.3 6.7 4.8 3.2 .5 .00M Ethanoic acid: Final Temperature (oC) 29.2 30.7 32.5 33.5 31.8 29.9 28.6 Temperature change (oC) 2.1 3.6 5.4 6.4 4.7 .8 .5 > Method 2: Initial temperature of the solutions = 27.0 oC .00M HCl Volume (cm3) Final Temp. (oC) ?T (oC) Volume (cm3) Final Temp. (oC) ?T (oC) 2.0 28.2 .2 22.0 34.0 7.0 4.0 29.3 2.3 24.0 34.4 7.4 6.0 30.1 3.1 26.0 34.2 7.2 8.0 30.9 3.9
Aim: To determine the relative composition of a mixture solution containing sodium ethane-1, 2-dioate and ethane-1, 2-dioic acid.
DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIVE COMPOSITION OF A MIXTURE SOLUTION AIM To determine the relative composition of a mixture solution containing sodium ethane-1, 2-dioate and ethane-1, 2-dioic acid. INTRODUCTION Potassium permanganate KMn is a strong oxidizing agent which reacts with reducing agent ethanedioate ion to give and C + 2 Mn+ 16 2+8+10 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacts with acid to give water . the reaction is shown with the following equation + To investigate the relative composition of the mixture solution, it has to be titrated with NaOH first with phenolphthalein as indicator and then with acidify KMn as Mn react with both compound. KMnhas to be acidified first, otherwise brown ppt of Mn is formed instead of 2 H2O + MnO4- + 3 e- › Mn+ 4 In addition to that, the reaction solution has to be warmed to about 70 as the reaction rate is very slow. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS beaker measuring cylinder. Safety spectacles beaker conical flask pipette ,25 burette ,50, and stand wash bottle white file electrical heater sulphuric acid Potassium permanganate KMn solution Mixture solution PROCEDURE . 25.00of the mixture solution was transferred into a 250conical flask using a pipette rinsed by distilled water and the mixture solution 2. The burette rinsed by distilled water and NaOH is filled with NaOH 3. Titrate the mixture
