Bungee Jumping
Bungee Jumping Bungee jumping originated hundreds of years ago in New Guinea. Men leaped from very tall wooden towers attached to the tower by vines tied to their ankles, it was originally used as a test of courage but has since been converted into a recreational activity and is seen to be a once in a lifetime thrilling experience. The sport is simple yet exciting; jumping from a tall platform i.e. a bridge or a crane whilst attached to a length of elastic chord. A lot of calculations must be done before a bungee jump to ensure the safety of the jumper. The chord must be exactly the right length to give the best (yet safest) possible experience. If the chord is too short the jumper may not feel the optimum thrill however if the chord is too long it would probably result in the jumper being killed as they would hit the floor (go splat). I am going to do an experiment in order to find the exact height a fixed weight figure would need to jump from - with a certain length chord - in order to stop them just before they hit the ground. One way to try to work out the correct launch height would be to use the laws of motion; The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction, this would be difficult however as the force on the jumper is not the same throughout
The Hunt for the Higgs Boson
The Hunt For Higgs A2 Physics Coursework Hamed Darvishian [2010] Table of Contents The Standard Model of Elementary Particles 3 The Higgs Theory (Boson, Mechanism and Field) 3/4 Discovery of the Higgs 4 Possibilities of Decay 5 Large Hadron Collider 5 The ATLAS detector 6 The G.R.I.D 7 The Aim and Benefits of the LHC 7 THE STANDARD MODEL OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES The 'Standard Model of Particle Physics' describes the interactions between particles, where the fundamental force carriers are treated as mass-less particles. It is the theoretical framework that is used to explain the relations between complex particles and forces. The theory was first introduced by Sheldon Glashow through the electromagnetic and weak interactions, but was then developed on Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam. Although the Standard Model is able to explain the interactions between quarks, leptons and bosons, it does not include an integral property of particles, mass. In 1964, Peter Higgs showed how to give mass to fundamental particles through the Higgs mechanism. The Higgs mechanism is where the symmetry of mass-less particles is broken and non-zero masses become possible. This is just a hypothetical theory but if true, an extra particle called the Higgs boson should exist. A disturbance in the Higgs field is in actual fact a Higgs boson. When particles interact with the Higgs field
Physics Principles- Applications
Physics Principles that can be observed in a Theme Park Introduction Physics is a large subject that can be observed almost everywhere, even in a theme park, in a theme park physics principles such as weightlessness and acceleration/deceleration play a large part in ensuring that the rides are as thrilling as they are safe. In this essay I am going to show how two certain physics principles are being used in a ride to ensure that the ride is safe but at the same time delivers a lot of thrill to the rider. I am going to explore the sense of weightlessness during freefall, and how forces are used to ensure that the ride is not dangerous, I will also mention how gravitational potential energy converts to kinetic energy as the ride drops. Physics principles Weightlessness Freefall is a term used to describe how an object is moving through the air when there are practically no forces other than gravity acting on them. During freefall, object experience a sense of weightlessness but weightlessness does not mean that an object loses all its weight. Since in Physics weight does not mean how heavy an object is, (that is known as the mass) weight is a term used to describe how much force and object is exerting due to gravity, weight can only be felt if there is another force opposing the direction of the weight, as stated by Newton's laws of
metals and polymers
Properties of materials: Metals and Polymers. When a metal is in its purest form it is made of ions that are held in place by metallic bonds. Covalent and ionic bonding is different to metallic as the outer shells of adjacent atoms overlap. This then lets the outer shell electrons to move about freely through the lattice in the electron cloud. diagram of an electon cloud Metals atoms have to have a positive charged nucleus and also have negative charged electrons outside. The atom will lose its outer electrons when it is in its solid state. The bonding electrons spread thought the lattice and become delocalised this is because the bonding electrons no longer belong to any particular metal atom. Delocalised means that it is not restricted to one part of the lattice. Metallic bonds are formed when positive metal ions are attracted to the negative charged electrons which lies in the electron cloud. The strength of these metaillic bonds is determined by two main factors these are: * The radius of the individual metal atoms the smaller the radius the stronger it is. * Also, the number of electrons that each of the atom donates. The more electrons donated then the stronger the bond. Metallic Bonding http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/dawsonrj/11%20Chem/Chapter%20notes/Chapter%208%20notes_files/image001.jpg Metals that consist of metal cations and they have a balancing number of
Is it worth creating antimatter?
Is it Worthwhile creating antimatter? ANTIMATTER 3 WHAT IS ANTIMATTER? 3 SPECIFIC TYPES OF ANTIPARTICLES 3 POSITRON 4 ANTINUCLEONS 4 CREATIONS AND DESTRUCTIONS 5 BETA RADIATION 5 NEGATIVE BETA RADIATION 5 POSITIVE BETA RADIATION 6 POSITRON-ELECTRON ANNIHILATION 7 HOW DO WE STORE AND CREATE ANTIMATTER? 9 CURRENT ANTIMATTER PRODUCTION 9 PRODUCTION OF ANTIPROTONS 9 ANTIMATTER ATOMS 10 PENNING TRAP 10 USES OF ANTIMATTER? 13 ENERGY PRODUCTION 13 MILITARY WEAPONRY 15 MEDICAL IMAGING 16 PRODUCTION OF POSITRONS 16 IMAGING 16 IS IT WORTHWHILE CREATING ANTIMATTER? 17 CONCLUSION 17 IS IT WORTH CREATING ANTIMATTER NOW? 17 IS IT WORTH FUNDING RESEARCH INTO ANTIMATTER? 17 APPENDICES 18 APPENDIX A: TABLE OF FIGURES 18 APPENDIX B: BIBLIOGRAPHY 19 APPENDIX C: SYNOPTIC LINKS 20 Antimatter What is antimatter? For each of the fermions (leptons and quarks) detailed above, they have a corresponding anti-particle. These particles are in no way different to ours, except for the opposition of charge. In essence, there is no reason why our universe couldn't have been made from antimatter, and if it were, then we would classify our normal matter as antimatter. What this means is that antimatter merely has the anti prefix because it is not what we are used to. There is no deep meaning to it. For each elementary fermion, therefore, there is a corresponding antifermion.
Quantum Phenomena Observed During Near Absolute Zero Conditions
Quantum Phenomena Observed During Near Absolute Zero Conditions Quantum theory (including subfields such as quantum mechanics and quantum electro and thermo dynamics) is at least to say, is a relatively new field of physics, having been born just over a century ago. It can be described as one of the most powerful theory ever to be proposed in the history of physics, even today our knowledge on this subject is regularly updated with new ideas and as we progress further into this subject we begin to discover basically, the many secrets of our universe. In the early 1900s, mankind had basically been able to answer nearly all of the questions concerning physics with the knowledge gained from giants such as Newton. However 10% were unanswerable, they simply could not figure out what was going on and why certain things did not obey rules set down by classical physics. In order to overcome this problem, scientists had to propose some new radical ideas regarding the relationship between matter and energy. Surprisingly a selection of these many dreamt up ideas worked and so quantum theory was born. As said by one of the forefathers of this theory, Erwin Schrödinger (famous for his thought experiment), "I do not like it, and I am sorry I ever had anything to do with it." One from the "Great Dane", Niels Bohr, "Anyone who is not shocked by quantum theory has not understood it."
What are Quantum Computers?
Introduction What are Quantum Computers? Quantum computers have the potential to perform certain calculations billions of times faster than any silicon-based computer. Scientists have already built basic quantum computers that can perform certain calculations; but a practical quantum computer is still years away. Computers have become more compact and considerably faster in performing their task, the task remains the same: to manipulate and interpret an encoding of binary bits into a useful computational result. A bit is a fundamental unit of information, classically represented as a 0 or 1 in your digital computer. Each classical bit is physically realized through a macroscopic physical system, such as the magnetization on a hard disk or the charge on a capacitor. A document, for example, comprised of n-characters stored on the hard drive of a typical computer is accordingly described by a string of 8n zeros and ones. Herein lies a key difference between your classical computer and a quantum computer. Where a classical computer obeys the well understood laws of classical physics, a quantum computer is a device that harnesses physical phenomenon unique to quantum mechanics to realize a fundamentally new mode of information processing. In a quantum computer, the fundamental unit of information (called a quantum bit or qubit), is not binary but rather more quaternary
Trigonometry questions and answers.
Project 3 Trigonometry By David Timan For Mr. Orr's grade 11 U Math Class January 6, 2003 . Find the length of the missing side in (WXY to one decimal place. Cosine law: c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C c = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C c = 212 + 242 - 2(21)24 cos 40° c = 441 + 576 - 1008 (0.766044) c = 441 + 576 - 772.173 c = 244.827 c = 15.647 ( The missing side is 15.6 cm long. 2. Find (F to one decimal place. Cosine law: c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C 282 = 322 + 302 - 2(32)30 cos C 784 = 1024 + 900 - 1920 cos C 920 cos C = 1024 + 900 - 784 920 cos C = 1140 cos C = 1140 / 1920 C = cos-1 .593750 C = 53.6° ( (F is 53.6°. 3. In (ABC, a = 63cm, c = 47cm, and (C = 38.4°. Find (A given that (ABC is acute. Sine law: (sin A) / a = (sin C) / c (sin A) / 63 = (sin 38.4) / 47 (sin A) / 63 = (.621148 / 47) sin A= (.621148 / 47) * 63 sin A= .832603 A = sin-1 .832603 A = 56.4° ( (A is 56.4°. 4. A bridge DF is built N4°W across a river. Point E is located 75 m [west of]1 F and (DEF = 46°. What is the length of the bridge? DF is divergent of North by 4°, hence it is also divergent of West 86°. The interior angle of a triangle add up to 180° therefore 180 - 86 - 46 = 48, so (D is 48°. Sine Law: (sin A) / a = (sin C) / c (sin 48) / 75 = (sin 46) / c .743144 / 75 = .719339 / c c * .743144 / 75 = .719339 c = .719339 * 75 / .743144 c
case study on toilet seat
Case Study one The most suitable material to use when in production of a toilet seat. Wood Toilet seat. Probably one of the most common materials used in making a toilet seat is wood, pine wood in particular. Wood is extremely popular as most people like the look of a wooden seat. Whether its because it looks more natural or if they are following a theme throughout the room that any other material would not look as appealing. Another reason for this to be a popular choice is that out of all the other materials wood is the worst conductor. This is useful as it means it doesn't loose heat and become cold. This is highly regarded in situations when needing to use the toilet it makes it more pleasant to use. Mass production is able to be carried out when pine is used to make toilet seats this is because the material is cheap and easily obtained. However pine is a very soft wood and is not very durable therefore wooden toilet seats have been known to dent and scratch. Common Name Pinus strobus Botanical Name: Quercus Robur Wood Characteristics Straight grain, soft surface which is prone to scratches and denting. Colour: Light yellow to a reddish brown (in heartwood). Workability: good Durability White pine tends to be very soft. This may make it unsuitable for some furniture applications. Uses Furniture, moldings, plywood, boat building, carpentry, veneer.
To investigate the rate of cooling in three different types of cups
Problem The problem for this experiment is to investigate the rate of cooling in three different types of cups. They will be used as typical coffee cups for commercial purposes. The cups a polystyrene cup, a paper cup and a plastic cup. Water has a high specific heat capacity. This makes it a very useful material for storing and carrying heat energy. Its heat capacity is 4200 joules per kilogram per °C (4200J/kg °C). This is how water compares with other material: [image002.gif] Calculating heat energy: For water: 4200 J heats 1 kg through 1 °C 8400 J heats 2 kg through 1 °C 84 000 J heats 2 kg through 10 °C You could also calculate the result using an equation heat energy = mass * specific heat * temperature gained capacity rise (J) (kg) (J/kg °C) (°C) Heat tends to flow away from a hotter object to a cooler surroundings. Heat is mainly lost I conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. For this experiment I will be only using convection, radiation, evaporation because conduction is mainly in solids. Convection Convection mainly occurs in gasses and liquids gases and liquids are very poor conductors so convection is usually dominant process. When convection can't occur, the heat transfer by conduction is very slow. Convection only occurs when the more energetic particles move from