To investigate the relationship between the extension of a compact steel spring and the force producing that extension and to determine the elastic limit and force constant of the spring
To investigate the relationship between the extension of a compact steel spring and the force producing that extension and to determine the elastic limit and force constant of the spring Apparatus Stand Spring 00g weights with hanger Clamps and Bosses A 1 meter ruler Set square Goggles Diagram Theory In 1676, Robert Hooke studied the strain on material. He found that the strain on the material is proportional to the stress producing it. This is shown as: Extension Stretching force Strain is the amount of change in size, which could be length, area or volume. The stress is the force divided by the surface area. When a spring is stretched, the force that is required to stretch it is proportional to the amount of extension. If a selection of springs were taken to stretch one spring twice a far as the other, twice the amount of force is needed. If three times the amount of force was used then it would produce three times the extension etc. If a graph is produced, it will look like this: It shows a straight line up to the black dot where the extension is plotted against the force. All springs follow this rule up to this point, which represents the elastic limit. After this point, when the mass is removed from the spring, the spring does not return to its original shape. After the elastic limit has been reached, the spring stops obeying Hooke's law. Point A is an
Origin of the universe as one entity.
Origin of the universe as one entity One of the mysteries that have confused astronomers and physicists for centuries is how the life started. As you read on you'll be astounded; baffled. As Edwin Hubble sat late night observing the stars with a giant telescope, he made a miraculous discovery: the light from them was shifted to the red end of the spectrum and that this shift was most pronounced as the further a star was from Earth. This discovery made an electrifying effect on the world and that's when scientists began testing this theory. The discovery meant if the light from the stars were tending towards red than this meant the universe was expanded. After yeas of research they'd finally found the answer to the question that has baffled scientists for millenniums: How did the universe first begin. Being a scientist, scientists don't like to accept faith but little did they know hat if they'd just looked in the Qu'ran it would have made their life just a bit easier. "Do not the Unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together (as one unit of creation), before we clove them asunder? We made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe?" (21:30) The science of modern cosmology clearly shows that, at one point of time, the whole universe was nothing but a cloud of 'smoke'. This is one of the recognized main beliefs of standard modern
Investigation to find out whether or not it is correct to call a rubber band elastic.
Elastic band investigation Aim: - to find out whether or not it is correct to call a rubber band elastic. Plan: - The factors affecting the elasticity of a rubber band are: * Downward force applied to the band * The type of rubber the band is made from. * The length of the band * Cross sectional area of band The variable I am going to investigate is the effect of weight on the rubber band. This is a continuous variable. I am going to measure the distance the rubber band has stretched after each amount of weight is placed on it. I am going to keep taking lengths until the band brakes. Pilot test: - To decide what amount of mass to step up in I am going to run a preliminary experiment. I am going to find the elastic limit of three rubber bands. To do this I added weights until the band snapped. Test Number of masses at which band broke 2 3 22 20 25 To work out how many masses to go up in I am going to divide the number of masses at which the band broke into 10 equal pieces. This gives me 2.2, 2.0 and 2.5 as 2 is the average round number I will use this. To make the experiment a fair test I will do the experiment three times to gain a fair average. Each of these times I will also use the same type of rubber band as a different type of rubber could effect how far the band will stretch and therefore my results. I will also try to add the weights gently so that
How may the study of earthquake waves be used to interpret the earth's internal structure and composition
How may the study of earthquake waves be used to interpret the earth's internal structure and composition? Studying the different waves that are given off in an eathquake can identify the internal composition and structure of the earth. There are three types of wave Primary or 'push' waves (P-waves), Secondary or 'shock' waves (S-waves) and Longitudal or 'long' waves (L-waves). The waves that must be studied to interpret the earth's internal structure and composition are 'Body Waves' Body waves are another name for P or S waves. Earthquakes occur most commonly in seismic zones; these zones are related with oceanic ridges, young fold mountains and island arcs. Earthquake foci are located at depths under the surface up to a maximum of approximately 700km. They are grouped into shallow (0-70km), Intermediate (70-300km) and Deep (300-700km). The zone in which earthquake foci are found is called the Benioff zone. The focus of any earthquake cannot be found any deeper than about 700km, this suggests that the composition of the earth below this depth is different from above it and so is not adequate for earthquake foci to be located and therefore it must change from a rock that can be easily fractured to a less easily fracturable rock. When an earthquake occurs, it produces waves that radiate out from the epicentre (The point on the surface directly above the focus). The body
Investigate Whether Elastic Bands and Springs Behave the Same Way.
SCENARIO: Investigate whether elastic bands and springs behave the same way. AIM: When a load(weight) is applied to either an elastic band or a spring, do they return to their original length i.e. is the extension directly proportional to the load. BACK GROUND INFORMATION: The structure of elastic bands and springs are different. By studying a Newton metre, I noticed that the marks between each Newton applied were equidistant. This implies that a spring returns to the original length, therefore the load and length are directly proportional. This is because the structure of a spring is coiled. Therefore the molecules have been twisted and pulled apart, this creates the spring, as the molecules try to pull themselves back together. An elastic band is made of polymers. Hooke's Law states when a material is stretched, the change in length is directly proportional to the stretching force applied. However when an elastic limit is reached the material will be deformed and no longer obey the law. When a material is stretched, the molecules are pulled further away from each other, weakening the bonds, if the bonds break then the molecules cannot return to their original state. This is known as the elastic limit. Therefore, the number of molecules will effect the elastic limit of a material. The more molecules there are the more energy is needed to weaken the bonds. When a load
Investigation into Hookes Law - investigate the effect of mass on the extension of a spring.
Physics Coursework Investigation into Hookes Law Aim: To investigate the effect of mass on the extension of a spring. Prediction: My prediction is that, as you increase the mass, the extension of the spring will also increase. E.g. the double the mass, the double the extension. So I am saying that the results should be near enough consistent while increasing in the extension until I reach the end of the experiment. I will now support this prediction with some scientific knowledge. Hookes law is when forces are applied to a solid object which can result in extension. Hookes law is also able to predict how a spring (or other stretchable object) when force is applied to it. So this will show extension into the spring after the force is applied. Equipment: The equipment which will be required for the testing of Hookes Law are: * Clamp and Stand * Weights 50grams each * A measuring apparatus (preferable a 1 metre ruler) * Spring Diagram: Fair Test: I will try to keep this a fair test by only investigating 1 variable. So these are the things that will stay the same through out the experiment: * The Thickness of the spring * The length of the spring * The material of the spring The things that will vary throughout the experiment will be the mass and the extension. But I will only investigate and vary the mass myself because the extension will change as a cause of
The Investigation was about how waves travel.
Waves coursework What is the investigation about? The Investigation was about how waves travel. Water waves travel more slowly in shallow water in deeper water. This is can be shown by placing a flat Perspex or glass plate in a bottom of a ripple tank. As the water waves pass into the shallow boundary, the direction of the waves What could I change? We could change the volume of the water, we could change the temperature of the water, we could change the size of the tray, we could have a set time, we could have What will I change? Question If we pushed the tray harder, will it produce more waves? Prediction What equipment will I use? We used a tray so we can do the experience,, A stopwatch so we can time how long we can see the waves , A ruler so we can measure how big the force we pushed the tray. What are all the things we will measure? We will count how many waves will travel along the tray and also time it, when the waves slow down and finally stop we will stop the clock How will you make it a fair test We made it a fair test by measuring the force of push accurately by using a ruler. Keeping the 2000 ml volume of water How will I be safe? We were safe by moving all chairs and stools away from our area. We never messed about and we concentrated on the experiment What range of results will you take and why Will we take "how many waves",
The Bouncing Spring.
The Bouncing Spring Introduction Imagine someone doing a bungee jump or someone bouncing on a trampoline and think what is it that keeps pulling them down and not letting them fly off, Gravity the most important force on Earth. What if we didn't have gravity, everyone would be jumping through the air, and people would take more than just one second to fall. Gravity helps objects fall and even if they intend to rise again due to a gain of energy such as elastic, that energy is converted into gravitational energy and this process keeps on going until gravity starts to become more powerful than the energy provided to keep the object up. My aim of this piece of coursework is to find out about the relationships between springs, gravity and weight. I must use as much scientific evidence as possible to prove whatever variables may occur. Here are some variables for me to consider: . Counting the number of bounces and recording the times along with different weights. 2. Timing different number of bounces, using only the same amounts of weights. 3. Using longer springs and different weights and timing a fixed number of bounces for each trial. Out of these three variables, I wish to choose the first due to that it seems to give out a bigger variety of results and as well as that, should be more interesting to do with the increase of weights per trial. Planning Equipment x
Experiment B11: Measuring focal length of lenses
1th February 2009 YMCA of Hong Kong Christian College A-Level Physics Lab Report Wong Hoi Sun 6Y34 Experiment B11: Measuring focal length of lenses (Done on 5th February 2009) Objectives: * To measure the focal length of a spherical convex lens by (a) the "object & image distance method" and (b) the "lens distance method". * To measure the focal length of a spherical concave lens by (c) the "lenses-mirror method" and (d) the "lenses combination method". * To identify the pros and cons of various methods. Apparatus: * Spherical convex lens with holder * Spherical concave lens with holder * Plane mirror * Lamp housing * White screen 1 * Metre rule 2 * Tissue paper * Adhesive tape Theory: (Refer to pages.84-86 of "A-Level Practical Physics for TAS (Third Edition)") Procedure: (Refer to pages 86-88 of "A-Level Practical Physics for TAS (Third Edition)") Experiment Results and Data Evaluation: Method (a): Object & image distance method (for a convex lens) Estimated focal length fx of the convex lens = 10 cm Object distance u/cm Image distance v/cm (1/u)/cm-1 (1/v)/cm-1 u < 2 fx 2 58 0.0833 0.0172 5 28.5 0.0667 0.0351 7 23.5 0.0588 0.0426 u ? 2 fx 20 9 0.05 0.0526 u > 2 fx 30 5 0.0333 0.0667 40 3 0.025 0.0769 50 2 0.02 0.0833 Focal length fu of the convex lens calculated using (1/u)-intercept
Investigation on how putting springs in series and parallel affects their extension.
Investigation on how putting springs in series and parallel affects their extension Planning Introduction In order to find out how putting springs in series of parallel affects the extension of the spring I will use Hooke's law. Hooke's law states that the force applied to a spring is proportional to its extension, so long as the limit of elasticity is not exceeded. This can be written T???. This statement of proportionality can be used to write an equation of proportionality: T=k?. k represents the spring constant or stiffness of the spring. To find out how the extension of the springs is affected by putting the springs in series or parallel I will set up an experiment involving putting weights on a single spring, two springs in parallel and two springs in series. Single Spring Two Springs in Series Two Springs in Parallel Prediction I researched this topic in the textbook "Advanced Physics by Keith Gibbs" and I found that the equation used to find the spring constant is k = ??????l , ?which means the spring constant can be calculated by dividing the modulus of elasticity by the length of the spring. All springs have a different spring constant and the higher the spring constant, the lower the extension. Two springs put into series have a different spring constant than two springs in parallel. I predict that the springs put in series will