Ethics In Psychology
Ethics In Psychology This essay will look at Ethics in Psychology and will cover some of the BPS codes of conduct regarding Psychological research, socially sensitive research, as well as some of the benefits of using non human animals for psychological research. Every Psychological investigation is an Ethical situation. If a Psychologist wanted to carry out some research he/she would have to address the BPS guidelines. Some of these guidelines are: * Informed Consent. The investigator has to inform the participants of all aspects of the research or intervention that might reasonably be expected to influence willingness to participate. The subject has to be made aware of all of the details because otherwise it would be classed as deception and it flaws the informed consent rule. * Deception. The investigator must not withhold any information or try to mislead the participant. Participants must never be deliberately misled without extremely strong scientific or medical justification. * Debriefing. When participants are aware that they are taking part in an experiment and the data has been obtained, the researcher must provide the participant with conclusive information, in order for participant to understand the nature of the research. * Confidentiality. The information about a participant during an investigation must be treated as confidential unless it has
Ethics In Psychology
. * Discuss ethical considerations in qualitative research. * Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the biological level of analysis. * Discuss ethical considerations in research into genetic influences on behaviour. * Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the cognitive level of analysis. * Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the sociocultural level of analysis. * Discuss cultural and ethical considerations in diagnosis (for example, cultural variation, stigmatization). 2. Ethics is an area of study which seeks to address questions about morality; that is, about concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong, justice, and virtue. 3. Ethics and psychology are intimately linked, inseparable concepts. Every psychological investigation is an ethically charged situation, as research often involves subjecting both human and animal participants to pain or embarrassment. In psychological experiments on human subjects, ethics are dictated by a series of guidelines that researchers must abide by, designed to minimize or eliminate any unnecessary discomfort. There are five major ethical principles detailed by the American Psychological Association: * Subjects must give informed consent (i.e they must voluntarily agree to and be aware of the contents of the experiment they are to participate in). *
Approaches to Psychology & ethics.
PSYCHOLOGY 1: APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY & ETHICS There are three main approaches to psychology: psychoanalytic, behaviourist, and humanistic. The psychoanalytic approach was started and developed mainly in Europe between 1900 and 1939 by Sigmund Freud, a Viennese doctor who specialized in neurology. As a doctor, he became interested in the field of hysteria - the manifestation of physical symptoms without physical causes - and became convinced that unconscious mental causes were responsible, and could be responsible for all mental disorders and even our personality. He created the theory of personality, and based his ideas upon intensive case studies of a considerable range of patients, especially his infamous study on "Little Hans", a young boy who Freud carried out psychoanalysis upon. Bowlby (1946) applied Freud's theories when he used psychoanalysis on a large group of children with various ages on a study of habitual delinquency. The central emphasis is on dynamic, biological processes especially those taking place in the unconscious mind, and involves the idea of psychic determinism, i.e. Freudian slips. Freud said that we all have instinctual drives - wishes, desires, needs, or demands, which are hidden and suppressed from the consciousness because society disapproves of their open expression. Freud proposes three main components of the mind; the id, the ego and the
The Theme of Ethics in Psychological Research making reference to Social Psychology and Developmental Psychology research
Table of Contents The Theme of Ethics in Psychological Research making reference to Social Psychology and Developmental Psychology research 2-4 References 5 The Theme of Ethics in Psychological Research making reference to Social Psychology and Developmental Psychology research The aim of psychology is to provide us with a greater understanding of ourselves and the way we think. To achieve this understanding psychologists often have no other choice than to investigate human subjects for results and evidence. Humans however can experience physical pain and anxiety but can also be affected mentally through embarrassment or loss of self esteem. The existence of ethical constraints is a serious but necessary limitation on the advancement of Psychology as a science and now many countries have ethical guidelines for conducting research. Since 1985 the British Psychology Society has regularly published and updated a code of conduct as a guideline for all chartered Psychologists to follow. These guidelines are broken down into these considerations which psychologists should follow when carrying out a study: * Consent - Have the subjects made an informed decision about taking part in the research? Have the parents of the child subjects given informed consent to research procedures? * Deception - Have the subjects been deceived? Where there any other possible ways to carry out
Ethics and Deception in Psychological Research
Deception in Psychological Research Briana Conner University of Phoenix PSYCH/540 Research Methodology Dr. Neil Stafford April 16, 2012 When conducting research studies many code of ethics come into play. A researcher has an obligation to follow the code of ethics. Many ethical standards must be followed when dealing with research. When conducting research as well as gathering data there are several ways to do so. Depending on whom you ask some ways are considered ethical and appropriate and some are unethical and inappropriate. Using deception to obtain information is a debatable issue on whether it is ethical or unethical by obtaining data in such a manner. The following paper will define what ethics is along with, discussing the concept of risk/benefit ratio, describing exactly what deception in research is, as well as evaluating the impact deception in research has on psychological research. Deception occurs whenever participants are not completely informed of procedures and goals of the research. According to Wikipedia, "ethics is a branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about mortality, how moral values should be determined, how a moral outcome can be achieved in a specific situation, how moral capacity or a moral agency develops and what its nature is, and what moral values people actually abide by (Wikipedia). Ethics deals greatly with morals.
Psychology Notes - What are the ethical research practices in psychology? and What is learning?
CRITICAL THINKING Critical Thinking Paper Judith King University of Alaska Learning Unit 2: Research Methods Select: What are the ethical research practices in psychology? The basis of ethical research in psychology first and foremost is that the volunteer patient expects that no harm, either physical or psychological, will come to them as a participant of the research. The guidelines are outlined in our text as follows: . The rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study’s value to science. 2. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation. 3. Deception must be justified. 4. Participants may withdraw from the study at any time. 5. 5. Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of risks. 6. Investigators must debrief participants, telling the true nature of the study and expectations of results. 7. Data must remain confidential. 8. If for any reason a study results in undesirable consequences for the participant, the researcher is responsible for detecting and removing, or correcting, these consequences. (Ciccarelli & White, 2011) Collect: Informed Consent One of the most important components of ethical research in psychology is informed consent. I consider informed consent to be one of the most important components. On the APA’s website,
Ethical issues in Psychology.
Ethical issues in Psychology Use of human participants in psychological research -The specification states that the candidates should consider ethical issues involved in psychological investigations using human participants. This should include the nature and usage of ethical guidelines in Psychology. The guidelines on research Mindful of the problem research such as Milgram's raises, more recently psychologists have taken the question of ethics very seriously. The American Psychological Association's guidelines to ethical conduct are very similar to those issued by The British Psychological Society. The psychological community is answerable to the law, the public and to itself and must set and monitor its own standards of conduct. The BPS guidelines stress that psychological research should be objective, competent and nonwasteful. Psychologists' responsibilities include making their data and findings public but not in such a way that they may be misinterpreted or abused. Policy changes should not be made on the basis of psychological findings until those findings have been verified by careful replication. One contravention of these guidelines was that of Sir Cyril Burt's research into intelligence, which suggested that intelligence is largely inherited and stable throughout life. Some now argue that his data were fraudulent and, since he did not make them publicly
What is Psychology ?
Introduction to Psychology Psychology is defined as 'both an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour '(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology) that is being applied more to our everyday lives. Psychology is being used in many different settings, such as clinical, occupational and educational and is being used to improve humans' lives in many different ways. Psychology has 'more major ethical issues associated with research... than in most other scientific disciplines' (Eysenck 2000). Firstly, psychologists work with living creatures (both humans and animals) that all have the right to be treated in a respectful manner. Secondly, 'research may reveal what seems to be unpleasant or unacceptable facts about human nature' and thirdly, 'psychological research may lead to the discovery of powerful techniques that can be used for purposes of social control' (Eysenck 2000). Humans' are immensely complicated creatures and great care has to be taken in the way that the research is carried out. Usually 'most ethical problems in human research stem from the participant being typically in a much less powerful position than the experimenter' (Eysenck 2000). The B.P.S (British Psychological Society) introduced a set of ethics that must be adhered to by all psychologists when studying either humans or animals. These ethics are
Virtue Ethics Presentation
Virtue Ethics Presentation Virtue Ethics were first considered Plato in 'The Republic'. Then by Aristotle in 'Nicomachean Ethics', which was written in 325 BC where he catalogued the virtues, (good character traits), and the corresponding vices (bad character traits). He believed everything has a function or a purpose, and as humans are unique in having reason, the function of mankind is to live according to reason. Aristotle considered reason to be the source of practical wisdom, and the virtuous life was a life of reason, this involved developing the excellences of character, which are 'virtues'. The virtues must work in harmony with the other parts of the soul so the person can live a fulfilled life in eudaimonia, which is known as living in accordance with virtue. The theory was later forgotten as Christianity spread because Christians viewed their God the source of moral law. He made rules for them to follow so that they could lead a good life. It was because of this that many philosophers discussed virtues in the context of the 'divine law', for example, faith, hope, charity and also obedience. When religion was no longer considered the source of morality, the divine law was replaced by the moral law, which was supposed to spring from human reason. This was a system of rules which specified which actions were right, and to be moral you had to follow them. It was
Ethics in Business
Ethics in Business Ethics and Human Resources Ethics commonly refer to the rules or principles that define right and wrong conduct. In the United States, many believe we are currently suffering from an ethics crisis (Ricklets, Robbins & Coulter, 1996). Behaviors that were once thought unacceptable -- lying, cheating, misrepresenting, and covering up mistakes -- have become in many people's eyes acceptable or necessary practices. Managers profit from illegal use of insider stock information and members of Congress write hundreds of bad checks. Even college students seem to have become caught up in the wave where studies show significant increases in cheating on tests (Robbins et al.). Concern over this perceived decline in ethical standards is being addressed by organizations, and companies are relying on Human Resource (HR) to build an ethical culture. Human Resource departments are creating codes of ethics, introducing ethics training programs and hiring ethics officers. Why is ethics important to Human Resources? When employees in organizations make decisions to act unethically, they affect not only the company itself, but also its shareholders, employees and customers. Employees make a myriad of choices every day in businesses -- if unethical, they can damage a company's productivity, profits and reputation. Unethical decisions can come in many forms: the employee who
