Tissue Engineering
Cells have been cultured, or grown, outside the body for many years, but the possibility of growing complex, 3-D tissues - which is literally reproducing the design and function of human tissue - is a recent development. This filed of tissue engineering sounds exciting, but I am going to see what it offers modern medicine. This is the Tissue Engineering Process - from the cell culture and tissue formation in the laboratory to delivery by the surgeon to the patient Potential use of tissue engineering is best seen with chronic leg ulcers Elderly or diabetic patients get sores on their legs that refuse to heal. These cause constant pain and discomfort. Cause by a failure of natural healing to 'kick -in' and natural biological signals that are given off by the body to start healing are missing. We can use tissue engineering to create a 'living bandage' This will provide the biological signals needed to start the healing and the healing process gets a 'jump start.' Old ladies and men are now happy! :) Sounds easy, but its not! How do you make a tissue - engineered living bandage of skin? Well, the typical elements are one or more types of living cell from a human donor, or the patient himself. Cells are held on a material support made from a polymer This support will form a structure on which the cells will grow, this will eventually form an 'engineered tissue' that the
Genetic Engineering.
Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is one of the biggest breakthroughs in agriculture this century. It could mean cheap good quality food for all or it could also mean total world disaster. How it works? All living creatures are made of cells. The DNA in these cells contains genes. Genes are coded instructions that make things develop in a particular way. New techniques mean scientists can now pick out a specific gene responsible for a particular characteristic and alter it, or put it into a new combination of genes. This is genetic engineering. Hypothetically genetic engineering could have some really good results which would help the world food market. However it also provides medical benefits. The achievement of genetic operation will result in a better quality of life for people. Nearly all diseases can possibly be cured. As a result of genetic testing, the prevention of risks is also a benefit. For instance, if I find that I am genetically liable to have a heart attack, I can reform my habits around my genetic characters. Also if it is the result that genes open the power of the mind, then who is to say that someday people won't be able to hand pick their child and their qualities. Many people see this as an advantage. For example, before a child is even pictured, you can give him, brown hair, green eyes, 6 feet in height and a mind to match! Briefly, the benefits
Software development and engineering.
Chapter 10 - Software development and engineering ENGINEERING DISCIPLINE • There are two features which are common to most engineering definitions • The solution of practical problems for the benefit of humankind • The use of scientific and other formalised knowledge to design and build artefacts within economic constraints Difference between scientists and engineers: • Scientific reasoning and research is essentially inductive, scientists try to infer general rules or laws from the results of a limited number of observations or experimental results • The activities of engineers are quite distinct, their objective is for human benefit rather than explaining the natural world. They make use of scientific results in a deductive way (to verify designs and ideas that are feasible and safe. Development of engineering disciplines QUESTION: How does engineering come to make use of scientific and formalised knowledge? ANSWER: The discipline starts in a state of craft practice: At this stage engineering is carried out by practitioners with little or no formal training and knowledge is acquired during apprenticeship. The second stage is the development of commercial exploitation when pressures arise to make economic use of resources or to increase output. Practice becomes more organised and standard procedures are established. The third stage in development sees
A controversial issue of the twenty-first century is the possible application of new techniques in genetic engineering to produce human clones.
A controversial issue of the twenty-first century is the possible application of new techniques in genetic engineering to produce human clones. Up until now genetic engineering and cloning has been used to clone plants, unicellular organisms, amphibians and simple mammals. This has led to significant advances in agriculture, industry, and medicine. Newer techniques in genetic engineering have enabled scientists to clone more complex mammals and opened up the possibility of cloning humans. Although there are many potential benefits to this technology, the prospect of cloning humans has raised many practical, ethical and religious dilemmas that are currently being debated by society. As of now, the actual cloning of humans does not seem likely to occur in the foreseeable future. Genetic engineering is the changing of an organism's DNA, genetic material to eliminate unwanted traits or to produce desirable traits. The earliest form of genetic engineering dates back to the scientist Gregor Mendel who did experiments with peas. He bred only the peas with the most desirable traits in order to achieve a healthier and stronger pea (McCuen 8). This method, called selective breeding, is still used today with plants and animals in order to increase food production. Corn plants are selectively bred in order to produce a larger tastier kernel. Another type of genetic engineering called
Genetic engineering
ESSAY ON GENETIC ENGINEERING The invention of DNA and Mendel's experiment cemented the path of future of genetic engineering (GE). GE is the direct stage management of an organism's genes by technological intervention. Today's applications of GE are the result of many significant developments in the understanding of the science of genetics and development of technology to alter genes. The history of modern GE begins in 1880 with the work of Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics. Through his work with pea plants, Mendel derived the groundwork of modern genetics. He found that characteristics are transmitted in discrete units or genes; the presence of genes in the organism dictates the expression of certain qualities in the organism. Hershey and Chase proved that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), is the genetic material of the cell. In 1953, Watson and Crick discovered the double helical structure of DNA. Later in the 1960's, scientists cracked the genetic code and developed the central creed of genetics: DNA, RNA and protein. In the 1970s, scientists developed the fundamental techniques of GE. In the early 1970s, scientists discovered restriction enzymes. GE involves changing the genetic constitute of an organism. The central precept of GE is the understanding that changing the genes of an organism changes it's physical attributes and it can be used to produce organisms with
Soft drink companies.
Abstract Soft drink companies labored to maintain positive results after a year wrought with job cuts, reorganization, school vending controversies and a bad rap in the fight against obesity in this country. But while soft drink consumption trends remain static in the United States, product innovation gave the category a needed boost during 2003. According to Information Resources Inc, and ACNielsen, favors and diet soft drinks paved the way to positive results for many soft drink manufacturers during 2003. Among the leaders in the diet category, Diet Vanilla Coke shot up more than 397% in volume sales, according to IRI. Additionally, Pepsi's Diet Sierra Mist climbed to an almost 250% volume increase as newcomers to the market in 2003. Year-end figures show that Coca-Cola's overall sales slipped 4%. Pepsi reported a slight gain compared with last year. The private label bonanza continues and is building recognition among consumers on the retail shelf. Full Text Soft drink companies labored to maintain positive results after a year wrought with job cuts, reorganization, school vending controversies and a bad rap in the fight against obesity in this country. But while soft drink consumption trends remain static in the United States, product innovation gave the category a needed boost during 2003. Flavors and diet soft drinks paved the way to positive results for many soft
Referring to examples, explain why sustainable solutions to flood control are increasingly preferred to hard engineering.
Referring to examples, explain why sustainable solutions to flood control are increasingly preferred to hard engineering There are a number of reasons why sustainable answers to flood control, or soft engineering, are preferred better than hard engineering, in other words, non-sustainable methods. Firstly these terms need to be stated. Sustainability is when improving it for the present, but also to create a better environment for the future generations as well carries out development. Soft engineering is when people try to work with the environment by using ecological materials. This is so there is minimal impact on the environment. These methods try to create a balance by using more natural resources. Hard engineering is the opposite, as it uses resources like concrete, and it does not provide a sustainable environment for the future. A case study of where hard engineering has been used is the River Mississippi. This river has had extensive hard engineering done on it. For example, channelisation took place by straightening all the meanders and thus making it over 250km shorter. Also many dams were placed along the river in order to hold back the water and therefore provided flood control. Even though this channelisation worked upstream, the water continued to flood downstream, causing just as many problems and damage. This is why hard engineering is seen as
soft and silk
Soft and Silky Shaving Gel I. Introduction Skin-Tique Corporation manufactures and sells women's personal-care products such as facial creams, hand and body lotions, and a full line of women's toiletries. Products are sold by drug and food-and-drug stores through rack jobbers. Rack jobbers are actually wholesalers that set up retail displays and keep them stocked with merchandise. They receive a margin of 20 percent off the sales price to retailers. In 1988, Skin-Tique introduced Soft and Silky Shaving Gel. The unique dimension of the introduction was that Soft and Silky Shaving Gel was positioned as a high-quality women's shaving gel. The positioning strategy was successful in differentiating Soft and Silky Shaving Gel from existing men's and women's shaving creams and gels at the time. And it has been sold in a tube since its introduction. This packaging was adopted because the company did not have the technology to produce aerosol containers in 1988. Furthermore, the company's manufacturing policy was and continues to be to utilize existing production capacity whenever possible. As of early 2001, all products sold by Ms-Tique Corporation were packaged in tubes, bottles, or jars. However, competition had increased and the new aerosol can was introduced as a new form of packaging for women's shaving gel or leave it in the tube package. Furthermore, the manager needs to
Ecological engineering.
Ecological engineering Billy I. Ahmed Human have always shown remarkable skill, innovation and ingenuity when faced by environmental hurdles. Instead of competing with or opposing the environment, they cooperate with it by resorting to 'ecological engineering', Ecos, co-evolution and the ecological paradigm. This article briefly discusses these key issues that can reshape this world. The term "ecological engineering", was first coined by Howard T. Odum in 1962. He is now Professor Emeritus at the University of Florida, where his work in systems ecology has flourished. Ecological engineering, he wrote, is "those cases where the energy supplied by man is small relative to the natural sources but sufficient to produce large effects in the resulting patterns and processes". (H.T. Odum, 1962, "Man and Ecosystem" Proceedings, Lockwood conference on the Suburban Forest and Ecology. Bulletin Connecticut Agric. Station) Another definition that relates to ecosystem management by human society (Centre for Wetlands, University of Florida) is: "Ecological engineering is the design of sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both. It involves the design, construction and management of ecosystems that have value to both humans and the environment. Ecological engineering combines basic and applied science from engineering,
Genetic Engineering.
Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering seems to be one of the incredible breakthroughs in science. It was discovered in the 1900's by Mendel, who used to study peas by creating different species at one time. Genetic engineering can be described as the non-natural alteration of the genetic code. Genes are parts of the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that control the characteristics of individuals (e.g. hair colour); these are different for every individual. Normally genes are passed along generations but now scientists are now able to classify an individual gene and insert it into an organism that will carry the trait of that certain gene. This organism is seen to be transgenic which is a term used to describe that the organisms DNA has been changed. Different genes from different organisms are able to be inserted into different species genes (e.g. a human gene can be placed in a bacteria gene). Genetic engineering is used for a number of different things. (Watson et al 1992) The typical genetic procedure goes as follows first the gene that will be taken has to be located and isolated. The messenger RNA from the gene needed has to be isolated and a simple complementary copy is done using an enzyme called transcriptase. One more copy is made by adding another enzyme called polymerase, this creates a double stranded piece of DNA. DNA is a long strand and can be isolated from the
