Investigate the electrical energy or voltage produced by the Daniel's and the lemon battery.
Physics in the kitchen: TASKS; . PRODUCING ELECTRICITY FROM LEMONS. 2. PRODUCING ELECTRICITY IN THE LAB. Aim: To investigate the electrical energy or voltage produced by the Daniel's and the lemon battery. Background information: The lemon battery is called a voltaic battery, which changes chemical energy into electrical energy The battery is made up of two different metals. These are called electrodes, which are the parts of a battery where electric current enters or leaves the battery. The electrodes are placed in a liquid containing an electrolyte, which is a solution that can conduct electricity. In a solution of water and an electrolyte, like the acid in the lemon, an excess of electrons collects on one end of the electrodes. At the same time, electrons are lost from the other electrode. Battery is an example of electrochemistry - using a chemical reaction to generate electricity. In most batteries there are two different types of metal that, because of their properties, are capable of producing an electric potential. The citric acid in the lemon acts like the sulphuric acid in a battery cell. Electricity is thought to be an animal origin and could be found only in living tissues. In 1791, Luigi Galvani discovered electrical activity in nerves of the frogs that he was dissecting. A few years later in 1800, Alessandro Volta discovered that electricity could
How is the internal resistance of a standard battery affected by Temperature
How is the internal resistance of a standard battery affected by Temperature Internal resistance can be affected by many factors. One main variable, and the one I will be exploring is that of temperature. Hypothesis- I predict that the temperature rise and increase in the internal resistance will be directly proportional. In ideal conditions, this would be the case , however, we must remember to account for atmospheric influences and human error. It is more likely that after a steady rise, the correlation will become more and more negative, as the water bath , in which the battery sits begins to cool. Other influences, such as efficiency of the battery and the method in which it is used will also effect its performance. Batteries conduct heat , they must have the ability to do so as they are made of metal (Zinc) and convert chemical energy into electrical, a by product of which is heat. If a battery were not built to withstand this they would over heat and become useless. As it stands they tend not to , especially not on this small scale (AA batteries) however, I do believe that the hotter the water in the bath , the more significant the change in efficiency within the battery. As molecules in a battery obtain motion through kinetic energy (a consequence of heat energy) , the movement of the electrons within the battery slows down. Brownian motion dictate that more
Discuss Brian's criminal liability for the involuntary manslaughter of Don.
In this question Don has died, therefore I will look at homicide offences, in particular Involuntary Manslaughter. Involuntary manslaughter is the term given to an unlawful killing where the necessary MR for murder is not present - the D will not have had any intention to kill or to inflict GBH. In fact, the D will probably not have contemplated the death of the victim at all. The AR of Constructive Manslaughter "An unlawful and dangerous act resulting in death." Unlawful simply refers to the D's actions being a crime to initial the charge of Involuntary Manslaughter. E.g. in R v Church, the D and the V had sex in the back of Church's and he fails to please her. A fight ensued and the V was punched and knocked out by the D. Church's initial crime, either battery or ABH, resulted in her death when she drowned. Dangerous is an Objective test as to would a reasonable and sober person realise the crime could cause SOME PHYSICAL harm, however minor it maybe. E.g. in the case of R v Watson, where the D burgled an 87 year-old man who died of a heart attack. The act was dangerous because of the frailty of the old man. It was obvious to a reasonable person that the V could suffer some physical harm e.g. a heart attack. Act simply means that the initial crime must be an action not an omission. E.g. in R v Love, the D did not do anything for the child so it does not classify as an
Criminal Law (Offences against the person) - revision notes
Module 4 - Criminal Law (Offences against the person) Murder There are 3 types of homicide: * Murder - Direct intention - Indirect intention * Voluntary Manslaughter * Involuntary Manslaughter Murder It is a common law offence (not created by statute law) Defined by Coke: - "When a person of sound memory and of the age of discretion unlawfully kills any reasonable creature in being under the Queens peace with malice aforethought so that the victim dies within a year and a day." Sound memory - Sanity Age of discretion - 10 - 13 Doli Incapax (not an assumption since 98) 14 - 17 Young person 18 - 21 Young adult 21 + Full liability Law Reform Year and a Day Rule Act 1996 abolished the year and a day rule. AG (Ref No 3) 1994 - Pregnant woman was stabbed and the baby was damaged; born alive but then died from the initial stabbing R v Malcherek & Steel (1981) - Put victim in coma and on life support machine. Hospital turned off machine and victim died. Defence was that doctors had killed victim Court decided that death had already occurred at the time of coma (brain dead) and therefore the defendant was guilty. Malice Aforethought - MR - Can't use it because of Cunningham Murder is a result crime. AR = Death MR = Intention (Direct/Oblique intention to kill or cause GBH) R v Smith (1961) - Armed robbery. Police officer jumps on bonnet of car, gets thrown off
The History and Main Features of Criminal Law in the USA.
Karen Mazo CJ 203-B4 05/17/2012 Criminal Law The study of criminal law is actually a study of human behavior. It is more than a study of specific crimes; it is also an examination of the rules of human behavior and criminal responsibility.[1]Criminal law is based on moral values, and many of our crimes are also violations of our moral standards.People in all societies have the inherit right to protect their society and those living in that society from acts that threaten either the society or the people.[2] And for this reason we have written or unwritten laws forbidding and punishing acts considered harmful to the group or the individual. The Colonial period in America saw changes to the English Common Law which reflected the cultural and social differences that were developing in the new nation. In many ways the law in America became more complex, reflecting the influence of “enlightenment” philosophy and, at the same time, reacting to the concentration of power in the hands of the leaders.[3]Conflicting ideologies and shifting demographics resulted in a natural state of checks and balances in the criminal justice system. The power of the jury to decide both “the facts and the law” acted as an informal reform of the system.[4] As criminal law developed in the 20th century, American Jurisprudence moved further and further away from common law principle that a
The criminal process
The criminal process is often a very complex one. There are many decisions, which need to be made, and these can have a big effect on the resulting trial. The most important ones tend to take place after the suspect has been charged but before the accused gets to trial. These include the decision to prosecute, granting of bail, plea-bargaining and the court in which the case will be tried. These decisions are as important (if not more important) than the resulting trial. The decision whether to prosecute is usually the first step taken once the suspect has been charged. The decision to prosecute is vital to the pre-trial decision procedure as it establishes whether the prosecution believe there is a realistic possibility of conviction by 'sifting out' cases, which they do not think, would be worth prosecuting. Prosecution is defined as: 'The pursuit of legal proceedings, particularly criminal proceedings.'1 Prosecution takes various forms; in criminal cases it is usually in the name of the crown e.g. R v an individual. Summary offences are in the name of an individual, usually a police officer, although a private individual may bring a prosecution e.g. for assault. Until relatively recently the police took the decision to prosecute an offender. However, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 removed this power from the police and recommended that an
criminal Essay
The lack of statutory regulation on the issue of consent in relation to assault and battery has left it exposed to much criticism. Although it was hoped that the Offences Against the Person Bill would propose a statutory basis for consent, it simply endorsed adherence to the common law1. In accordance with common law reasoning, it would be expected that some general principles could be drawn from the initial case law2. This would serve to explain the law, an example of such being the 'neighbour principle' derived from Donoghue v Stevenson3. This has not occurred. The case law concerning consent contains no coherence and fails to establish any consistent principle, which contravenes the rule of law. In order to determine whether "The law is in urgent need of clarification"4, case law will form the basis for discussion. This will then be analysed and linked to the rule of law in order to assess its clarity. A study of the impact upon democracy and possible reforms will then be scrutinised. Examination of these factors will enable an assessment of the degree of efficiency to which the common law on consent operates, and whether reform of this area is necessary. Whilst it seems "appropriate to safeguard the...person against physical harm"5, the case law conflicts as to the correct standard of harm that a person may consent to. The decision in R v Brown6 (hereafter
Criminal Law Coursework - Criminal Damage
Criminal Law Coursework - Criminal Damage a) Jason could be charged under s.1 of the Criminal Damage Act 1971. In his case both the actus reus and mens rea are satisfied. The act of breaking the door down when entering the flat would satisfy the actus reus, this is because James has damaged property belonging to another without lawful excuse. The door is obviously the property in question. Whether the damaged property had been destroyed or damaged is irrelevant has no significance, the fact that the property had been impaired of its value and usefulness is significant enough as stated in Roper v Knott (1898). The mens rea is also satisfied as there was clear intention to commit this act. The fire that Jason started with the newspaper would also constitute an offence. Jason could be charged under s.1(3) of the Criminal damage act 1971. This section is used when property is destroyed or damage by fire. By burning the newspaper Jason satisfies the actus reus, it is also clear that the necessary mens rea, intention, which is evident as he says in a police statement that he intended to start the fire but put it out once the newspaper had burnt. Although the newspaper is not that valuable it would still constitute an offence under s1 of the Criminal Damage Act. The question that now arises is whether Jason had an intention to burn the carpet once he set fire to the
Not an Egselent day for eggs. Appalling revelations of animal battery farming.
Not an Egselent day for eggs! Appalling revelations of animal battery farming. Last night at approximately 3am, the police alongside animal welfare organisations raided 'Egg-sellent Eggs Limited' in the east of Sussex after a four month investigation of the cruelty and welfare of animals. Nicholas Thrushball, aged 44, founder and director of the company was arrested under the 'animal welfare act 2006' in which it cogently enforces that animals should live in a suitable and humane environment. Owner of this nationally known company was allegedly beating, hitting and mistreating the chickens in his welfare as well as storing them in shocking, suffocating conditions. The four month investigation consisted of hiding and monitoring cameras placed around the site as well as taking hygienic tests within and around the premises. The cameras revealed disturbing videos of the hens being electrocuted resulting in to the bone melting to form the shell of eggs. Also it was recorded that the hens were laying five eggs per week, thats 300 per year. A hen living in the wild is expected to lay 20 in a year and 240 in their life time of an approximate 12 years. Miss S. Ellis, Director of the 'Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' stated after the raid "Its horrific think that the most reputable egg company in the Midlands treats its hens in a way that literally make me
Criminal law - Discuss the liability of all parties, and any defences they may have.
Criminal Law : Assessment Monica and Ross are brother and sister and live next door to a married couple, Joey and Phoebe. Ross is attracted to Phoebe. One night Monica and Ross are hosting a dinner party for Joey and Phoebe. All goes well, although a lot of alcohol is consumed and Ross flirts with Phoebe. At the end of the dinner party Joey and Phoebe go home, but it is noticeable to all that Joey is quite angry at the behaviour of Phoebe encouraging Ross to flirt with her. As they are clearing up, Monica begins to shout at Ross, telling him his behaviour was unacceptable. The discussion gets heated and an argument ensues. Ross resents Monica telling him what to do and pushes her. Monica is unhurt but shocked and retaliates instinctively by hitting Ross with a cast iron serving dish she has in her hand. Ross falls to the floor with blood pouring from his head. He slips into unconsciousness. Meanwhile, next door, Joey and Phoebe are in bed arguing. Joey tries to calm the situation by becoming romantic. Phoebe shoves him away, but Joey persists and has sexual intercourse with her despite her protests. He leaves her sobbing on the bed and goes into the lounge. As he sits there he becomes increasingly angry at the behaviour of Ross and decides to return next door and confront him. When Monica answers the door he pushes her out of the way and she falls, hitting her head. He
