Determining the concentration of acid in a given solution
Determining the concentration of acid in a given solution Planning 4 I have been given a sample of sulfuric (VI) acid solution with a concentration between 0.05 and 0.15 mol dm-³. I am going to find out the accurate concentration of the sulfuric acid. To find out the concentration of the acid I will react it with a known volume and concentration of a base and see how much base was needed to neutralise the acid. The acid is a strong acid which means that I know all the H+ ions have been disassociated and are in the solution. The H+ ions will react with the OH- ions in the alkali which will neutralise the solution. I am provided with solid, hydrated sodium carbonate with the formula Na2CO3·10H2O.1 This is a readily available base and I can dilute it down to achieve the concentration I want to react with the acid. The formula of the reaction that will take place is H2SO4 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) --> Na2SO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) So 1 mole of H2SO4 reacts with 1 mole of Na2CO3. A titration will give me the most reliable and accurate results with the available equipment. To do my titration I will need: A Burette 7 I will need a burette to add the sodium carbonate to the sulfuric acid solution. The burettes provide me with very accurate results of volume of solution added. The class set of burettes measure 50cm3. I want to do a titration
Investigate the water potential of celeriac.
Aim Investigate the water potential of celeriac. Apparatus Celeriac - this is the specimen that we will be finding the water potential of. .00 mol dm-3 sucrose solution - this will be placed in the test tube in which the experiment will take place. We will dilute the solution to produce a range of concentrations. 0.0ml Graduated Pipettes (x2) - I had a choice of 5.0ml, 10.0ml and 20.0ml graduated pipettes. I chose this size pipette because it is time efficient and accurate at the same time. It is an accurate piece of equipment because as opposed to standard pipettes, this graduated pipette has 0.1ml graduations to ensure the utmost accuracy. One pipette will be used for water and one will be used for sucrose solution. 250ml Beakers (x2) - these will be used to hold water and the 1.00 mol dm-3 sucrose solution in a safe environment. Cork Borer - this will be used to cut the precise shape of the celeriac. This will also ensure that the surface area to volume ratio is constant throughout the experiment. Razor - this will be used to cut the pieces of celeriac to a precise length. Ruler - this will be used to measure the length of celeriac that will be used in the experiment. Scales - they will be used to measure the mass of celeriac before and after the experiment with accuracy. Therefore, the mass increase/decrease can be calculated after the experiment. These scales
Biology Coursework - Osmosis
Contents Pg. 3 - Plan: Introduction & Aims Pg. 4 - Plan: Osmosis Research Pg. 6 - Plan: Potato Cell Research Pg. 8 - Plan: Variables & Non-Variables Pg. 9 - Plan: Proposed Method Pg. 10 - Plan: Hypothesis Pg. 11 - Preliminary: Introduction and Aim Pg. 12 - Preliminary: Variable and Controlled Variables Pg. 13 - Preliminary: Method Pg. 15 - Preliminary: Results Pg. 17 - Preliminary: Graphs Pg. 18 - Preliminary: Conclusion & Evaluation Pg. 19 - Experiment: Equipment Pg. 20 - Experiment: Safety Pg. 21 - Experiment: Method Pg. 22 - Results: Table Plan: Introduction & Aims In this coursework, I will be studying the process of Osmosis. To do so I will carry out an experiment, this will look at the effects of Osmosis on chips of potato in a sucrose solution. The experiment will involve placing identical potato chips into different sucrose solutions with varying concentrations, after 45 minutes, I will take the potato chips out of the solutions and weigh them, changes in mass would indicate Osmotic activity. My aim is as follows: "To investigate the effect of varying concentrations of sucrose solution on the amount of osmotic activity between the solution and a potato chips, identical in size" I hope that by the end of the investigation, I will have a better understanding of osmosis and a conclusion that demonstrates that knowledge. Plan: Osmosis Research To
Land Use Change In Northampton!
Deepak Chandi LAND USE CHANGE IN NORTHAMPTON! PART 1 (a): Northampton is a large market town best known for its footwear and leather industries. The town has recently grown outwards to the east and west. Northampton is situated around the River Nene. INDUSTRY: Many of the old industrial sites are located with in the CBD. Companies like Latimer & Crick; Corn Merchants use to be located near South Bridge (Smiths Timber Yard use to be located at the bottom of Bridge Street. Padmore & Barnes, shoe manufacturers use to be located on St. James Road. I believe that these old industries were located in these areas mainly as a result of transport links. Smiths Timber Yard was located at the bottom of Bridge Street mainly because the River Nene flows around Bridge Street so therefore this would be an excellent means of transport for the Timber yard. Padmore & Barnes was located on St. James Rd mainly due to the fact that a railway line runs through the area leading to other parts of Northampton and eventually linking up to other parts of the country. Also, the River Nene runs through the St. James area so therefore again creating good means of transport. Many of the new industrial sites are located out of the town centre. Brackmills Industrial Estate is located off the Bedford Road A428. The Crow Lane developments are located near the Billing garden Centre. Also there is the
Investigating respiration of maggots
Investigating respiration of maggots By Osman Khan Lee 13 Aim The aim of my investigation is to see how the rate of respiration of some maggots differs between room temperature and other temperatures, in terms of volume of oxygen produced. Simple Prediction I predict that as I raise the temperature of the maggots, the rate of respiration will increase. I think this because respiration is an enzyme-dependant process of reactions. Increasing the temperature will give the enzymes and substrates more kinetic energy and therefore will increase the rate of respiration. This is explained in further detail later on. Method . Using a syringe filled with manometer fluid, I will half fill a manometer. 2. I will then attach a 3-way tap to one of the delivery tubes on the bung and to this tap I will attach a syringe. 3. Next I will put 2g of soda lime in the bottom of each of the two boiling tubes, and will then place a gauze into each, which will rest slightly above the soda lime. 4. I shall then weigh some maggots using some measuring scales, and then put these into one of the boiling tubes, ensuring that none come into contact with the soda lime. After doing this I will place another gauze on top of the maggots to prevent them climbing up the tube. 5. I will then connect this boiling tube up with the manometer, as shown in the diagram. 6. I will then putt some glass beads
Rates of Reaction
Introduction In this investigation I am investigating the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate (known as limestone). The rate of reaction is basically the speed a reaction takes place- meaning how long it occurs for. Chemical reactions only occur when reacting particles collide with each other with sufficient energy to react. The minimum amount of energy that causes them to react is called the activation energy - simply because it activates the reaction. There are many variables that need to be taken under consideration when measuring the rate of reaction. These can include catalysts, surface area, temperature or concentration of the liquid. In this case the dependant variable is the concentration of the liquid. These variables can either decrease or increase the rate of reaction. Theoretical Background When a reaction takes place it has to overcome a minimum energy barrier known as the Activation Energy. If the particles collide with less energy than the activation energy then nothing worth noting happens. "You won't get a reaction unless the particles collide with a certain minimum energy called the activation energy of the reaction." (Taken from www.chemguide.co.uk). Only those collisions, which have energies equal to or greater than the activation energy result in a reaction taking place. The reason why collisions have to overcome the
Biology notes
AQA GCSE Biology Unit 2 Summary Notes 2.1 Animal and Plant Cells Cells * Cells are the smallest unit of life. * All living things are made of cells. * Most human cells, like most other animal cells, have the following parts: o nucleus o cytoplasm o cell membrane o mitochondria o ribosomes * Plant cells also have: o cell wall o chloroplasts o permanent vacuole What do these structures do? * Nucleus - controls the activities of the cell. * Cytoplasm - where most of the chemical reactions take place. * Cell membrane - controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell. * Mitochondria - where most energy is released in respiration. * Ribosomes - where protein synthesis occurs. * Cell wall - strengthens plant cells. * Chloroplasts - absorb light energy to make food in plant cells. * Permanent vacuole - filled with cell sap in plant cells. Other facts: * The chemical reactions inside cells are controlled by enzymes. Examples: o Enzymes for respiration are in the mitochondria. o Enzymes for photosynthesis are in the chloroplasts. o Enzymes for protein synthesis are on the ribosomes. * Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function. Examples: Tissues, organs and systems * A tissue is a group of similar cells carrying out a particular function. * An organ is a group of different tissues carrying out a particular function. *
Aims of tesco
Aims and Objectives of Tesco Tesco like any other company has aims and objectives that they create and try to meet within a set time. Operating on such a large scale requires a clear path for overall success and to sustain market position, therefore Tesco obviously takes setting aims and objectives as a serious task. Clearly Tesco has been successful and I believe this has been through setting 'SMART' objectives which provided firstly the company with a clear path on where they want to go, and each store with a path on what they must do to meet the overall goals of Tesco as a whole. Realistically in today's modern world there is now more need to concentrate on other factors than just financial ones for a company to be successful. Companies need to evaluate ethical factors as well as customer centred factors and examine how to meet them. Tesco states that their core purpose is 'to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty' as their success depends on it. Tesco believe in treating their customer and staff in the best way possible and try to best meet their needs. Tesco believes that if their team find the job rewarding then they are more likely to give a better service to their customers, thus creating a better shopping environment. In order to try and meet their overall aim Tesco introduced the 'Every Little Helps Strategy'. This strategy was the result of
An investigation into the effect of different sugars on respiration in yeast.
An investigation into the effect of different sugars on respiration in yeast. I am going to carry out an experiment, measuring the effect of different sugars on the respiration in yeast. In order to make a justified prediction I have researched different aspects of scientific knowledge, including respiration, yeast, sugar structure, enzymes and the collision theory. Glycolysis http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes1.htm Glycolysis is the splitting of a monosaccharide into two molecules of pyruvate. It takes part in the cytoplasm of a cell. Glycolysis begins with a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms, and ends with two molecules of pyruvate, each with three carbon atoms. For the first steps of glycolysis, energy from ATP is needed. However, energy is released in later steps to generate ATP. For every molecule of glucose, a net gain of two molecules of ATP is produced. The first stage of glycolysis is called phosphorylation, and results in hexose bisphosphate. This is shown in green on the above diagram. Hexose bisphosphate then breaks down into two molecules of triose phosphate. Hydrogen is removed from the triose phosphate and transferred to NAD to produce reduced NAD. These hydrogen's can then be used in oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP. The end products of glycolysis are pyruvates, which still contains a lot of chemical potential energy. There are two
Home Economics - Why is nutrition important to sports people?
In order to obtain an idea for a task I could research, I decided to do an initial brainstorm of all the areas that would be possible to complete the project on (see fig1, next page). The factors that would affect my decision of what area to choose, were how easy it would be for me to research the topic, whether I knew people I could speak to about it and whether it was something that interested me. Because of these, I decided to research into nutrition for rowing. This was because I am a rower myself which meant that it would interest me, I would already know about the topic and I knew a variety of people who would be able to provide information and help on the subject. For research: To start the project I needed to carry out some preliminary, general research into the sport and its demands. The following are some things I needed to research: o Sports nutrition o Nutritional requirements of a normal person o Nutritional requirements of a rower o What a rower should eat on the day of, and during the week before, a race. Preliminary research Sources To ensure that I could gat a balanced set of information I decided to use data from several media types. These could include magazines, people, websites, books and companies. The following are some sources I thought would be useful: o ARA (amateur rowing association) o Internet - including rowing websites, BBC website,
