Gould S, A Nation of Morons
Gould S, (1982) A Nation of Morons Intelligence is the ability to learn or understand. IQ (Intelligence Quotient) is a measure of intelligence. An IQ test produces a score which represents a person's mental age. The major debate surrounding intelligence is whether the differences between individuals can be explained by genetic or environmental causes. Eugenics is a political idea which argues that the human race should be 'improved' by preventing 'undesirables' from breeding so they cannot pass on their supposedly inferior genes. Gould's Aim was to review the mass IQ testing conducted by Robert M. Yerkes during the First World War. Gould's procedure was a review. A review article is an essay or article that gives a critical evaluation. Gould was reviewing the work conducted by Yerkes and his colleagues. Gould argued that there were many problems with the way the testing was carried out and with the conclusions that can be drawn from the testing. Yerkes wanted to conduct the intelligence testing because he wanted to establish Psychology as a rigorous science. He believed that intelligence testing should be as rigorous as any other science and he equated science with number and quantification. He conducted the testing in 1914-1918 and conducted it on over 1.75 million army recruits. The three types of intelligence tests Yerkes used were Army Alpha; a written test for
Describe and discuss how Sigmund Freud has contributed to Psychology
Describe and discuss how Sigmund Freud has contributed to Psychology Sigmund Freud was and still is one of the most influential psychologists and is commonly referred to as 'the father of psychoanalysis' after developing a theory of the human mind and human behaviour as well as clinical techniques in attempting to help neurotics. Born in Frieberg, Montavia in 1856. From the years of 1873-1881 he studied biology, later specialising in neurology at the University of Vienna. Freud developed a theory of mental life called psychoanalysis, which emphasises the importance of the unconscious, sexual instinct and psychosexual development in childhood. When Freud died of cancer in 1939 he left behind six children. His youngest daughter, Anna Freud, went on to study child and development psychology. I will now describe how Freud's development of the unconsious influenced and contributed to psychology. Freud first assumed that a large part of our mental life happens at an unconcious level in 1933. He suggested that declarations of free will are delusions; that we are not entirely aware of what we think and often act for reasons that have little to do with our conscious thoughts. Instead he proposed that awareness existed in layers and that there were thoughts occurring "below the surface." This assumption that we have an unconcious changed the way in which many people viewed
Critically Evaluate Freud's Theory.
Critically Evaluate Freud's Theory Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) he was Jewish and educated in Vienna, where he trained in medicine. Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis. He was the first psychologist to recognise the importance of the conscious and unconscious mind. His theory was psychoanalysis. The value and validity of his theory has been greatly questioned, since its inception in the early 1900s. His critics and devotees, see the answer lying in opposite extremes. Having him all the magician or all the messiah, was he either? Was Sigmund Freud a great medical scientist who uncovered important truths about human psychology? Or was he something different? His theories offer a science, but his critics of psychoanalysis question whether or not it is indeed a science; the value of Freud's data, the methods that he used and the effectiveness of the treatments. Throughout this essay I intend to show the positive and negative criticisms of Freud's theory psychoanalysis. Freud spent many years hypothesizing about the role of dreams and their interpretation. He argued that dreams allowed a person to discharge otherwise unacceptable and unconscious wishes and urges. He defines the state of sleep to be a period of uproar and chaos during which the unconscious thoughts of the (Id) attempt to force their way into consciousness. More specifically, a dream was the disguised
what is beauty
What is beauty The very concept is rejected by many contemporary artists and estheticians. This essay is an attempt at an advocacy of beauty; it will show how beauty is at the very core of science, clarify the creative and innovative aspects of beauty, and demonstrate its cultural universality, biological foundations, and human necessity. Finally it will show that beauty is the source of our deepest knowledge of the world, and the foundation of effective and ethical action. Part of our predicament is that the arts have been cut off from the sciences, cut off, I mean, from any coherent and well-founded and surprising conception of the cosmos that we live in and of our own bodies and nervous systems. Thus a scientific answer to the question of beauty has been until recently unavailable to artists and estheticians. At the same time science itself has been until recently--though there are encouraging signs of change--fragmented, disunified, and mortally afraid of value questions. In practice all true scientists prefer beautiful scientific theories to ugly ones. But this aspect of science is a long way from the routine of institutionalized science and has seldom penetrated through to the arts. That "spiritual sense of gravity" is close to what I mean by beauty; but to give this phrase some meaning we must pursue our first question without qualms that analysis will destroy it.
Critically examine the theories that underpin the process of personal development planning and the role of self-reflection.
Review Title Critically examine the theories that underpin the process of personal development planning and the role of self-reflection. Introduction The review will focus on the theories that inform and contribute to the process of personal development planning (PDP) and how these theories encompass and relate to the personal aspect of self-reflection and progress. What is the meaning of personal development planning. The Quality Assurance Agency has defined personal development planning as [A] structured and supported process undertaken by an individual to reflect upon their own learning, performance and/or achievement and to plan for their personal, educational and career development. What does the PDP process involve. Personal development planning involves an individual going through a certain process of continually developing and refining skills and constantly reflecting upon their own learning experiences. PDP can be developed to support coincided with academic, personal and career progression. The process of PDP includes looking at you own progression, enables an individual to assess their skills and recording these achievements. Record of Achievements (RoA) has an important role within PDP, as this profile/recording progress provides the means for students to improve their skills through RoA, it allows individuals to relate to the learning experiences, to
Outline and evaluate one psychological model of abnormality. The Psychodynamic Model.
Outline and evaluate one psychological model of abnormality. The Psychodynamic Model. The term "psychodynamic" refers to a group of explanations that try to account for the dynamics of behaviour, or the forces that motivate it. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory is the best-known example, and he has probably been the most influential person in clinical psychology. His view was that mental illness did not have a physical origin. Instead he suggested that it arises out the unresolved, unconscious conflicts which form in early childhood. To understand this we need to look briefly at Freud's theory of personality development. Freud argued that the mind is divided into three parts. First, there is the id. This consists mainly of unconscious sexual and aggressive instincts. This motivating force is called the libido, an innate drive for sexual (or physical) satisfaction. Second, there is the ego, which is the rational and conscious part of the mind. Third, there is the superego or conscience. The three parts of the mind are often in conflict with each other. Conflicts occur most often between the id and the superego, because the id wants immediate gratification, whereas the superego takes account of moral standards. The psychodynamic model put forward by Freud was based on his theory of psychosexual development. The child passes through a series of stages. Major conflicts or
Child and Death
Children learn about death in different ways. They have vivid imaginations and can develop negative behaviors towards death if not dealt with properly. Inappropriate ways to describe death to a child under age of 12 include the use of euphemisms such as "Mommy went to heaven", "Nanny went away", or "Daddy is sleeping." The problem with euphemisms is that they tend to confuse the child. A child who is told that "Daddy is sleeping" believes that daddy would wake up again, since people wake up after they go to sleep. The problem arises when daddy is put in a casket and buried, which more often than not creates a fear of sleeping so as not to be put in a box! I remember two years ago attending a funeral of a fallen soldier where his son was told he was sleeping. The child walked up to the casket in the church where his father was laid and started shaking the corpse trying to arouse his father from his sleep. Imagine the wave of emotion the misunderstanding created! It is better to help the child understand that the person has died. Being honest, simple and direct helps more than 'beating around the bush'. Using the correct words and language is preferable to using euphemisms, albeit difficult for adults. Other inappropriate ways include trying to avoid the subject or postponing the explanation of death and dying when it comes to the loss of a pet or somebody not too close to the
Explain and assess the mind and body debate in relation to two branches of psychology
Explain and assess the mind and body debate in relation to two branches of psychology This essay will explain and assess the mind and body debate. The first question I will address is why the debate is important. Then I will explain the Monism position and then the dualist position. I will then conclude and will offer my own theory based on an interacting dualist position. This debate is important because it will tell us what needs to be study either the physiology as in the human brain or the biological side of the debate. Or mental process as in what is inside the brain or the cognitive side of the debate. It may also tell us how the two biological and cognitive interact. Monism or materialism argues that the brain or physical matter is the only realism. This view suggests that everything cognitive can be explained in terms on the physical brain. So according to this view nothing exists apart from the biological side. Any talk of cognitive skills would therefore be irrelevant as biology is the only reality. The dualist side of the argument says that the mind and brain are separate. There are different types of dualism. The first is known as Descartes dualism. This says that the mind and body function as two separate entities. Cartesian dualism states that there is a constant two way relation between the cognitive and biological substances. Behaviourism argues in
My Last Memories.
English Mrs Hughes Lewis Janes11A My Last Memories Throughout my life there are many memories that have affected me and ones that I remember in particular. The memory that I am going to write about has only become a memory quite recently - but it will be a memory that I will never forget. I feel that I should write about it as it has had a massive emotional impact on me as well as my family. My grandmother 'Martha Williams' was the most influential and touching woman. She was always there to listen, guide and help others whenever she could. So this is in loving memory of her. Martha Williams was born 15.9.1910 and sadly passed away 26.9.2002, which made her 92 years of age. I have no exact first memories of her as she was always with us. My mother said she was like a fairy godmother, always there with a kind smile and with a shiny pound coin in her busy hand waiting to give to us. Before she went into hospital she was still the same old' Martha. I can always recall a Wednesday; our 'Bamps' would pick up my sister and I from the bus stop to go to our Nan's for dinner, and every time that we got in the car, 'Grandma' would be there with her round jolly face and wicked laugh. After dinner, I would make her some ice cream, with a special request that baileys would be poured over the top. After which her cheeks and face
Structure and functioning of the personality in Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory
PSYCHOLOGY ESSAY Part a.) Structure and functioning of the personality in Freudian psychoanalytic theory. Sigmund Freud, as the creator of psychoanalytic theory, has begun his career as a neurologist, treating patients with hypnosis to cure hysteria. Because it had almost no affect on curing the patient, he discovered the method of free association, in which patients say whatever comes to their mind. By listening and noticing what patients were saying, he found some similarities in their memories of dreams and their childhood memories. For an easier understanding he compared our mind to an iceberg. One part (that is above the surface) represents our conscious mind; the other part (that is under the surface) represents our unconscious mind. The unconscious mind should not be confused with "being unconscious" and unconsciousness which is loss of consciousness. He claimed that unconscious mind affects the largest part of our thoughts and behavior and that all our emotions and actions have causes in our unconscious mind. Although many people don't agree with Freud, his idea that people react for a reason is accepted. (The Psychopathology of Everyday life - 1901). Most of our behavior is, however, led by our unsatisfied drives and unconscious wishes. For Freud, the unconscious was a powerful force in behavior: thoughts and actions, which a patient didn't even realize were
