Memory Experiment Procedure
Psychology Coursework Procedure Ethics Statement Thank you for volunteering to participate in this experiment. The experiment will involve a memory test. All results from participants will be kept confidential and names/ details will not be used in my report. This experiment will not be stressful for you and any physical/mental harm has been taken into account and kept to a minimal, if present at all. If at any time you feel uncomfortable about this, you can withdraw anytime before or during the experiment. After you have finished, we will give you a debriefing of our intentions with the results and how I was testing you. Instructions - Condition 1 For this experiment, we will read out 10 pairs of words for you to remember e.g. grass-plate. After we have read out the word pairs, we will repeat one word from each pair and you will have to name the other word in that pair e.g. we will say grass and you will say plate. Instructions - Condition 2 For this experiment, we will read out 10 pairs of words for you to remember e.g. clock-river. After we have read out the word pairs, we will repeat one word from each pair and you will have to name the other word in that pair e.g. we will say clock and you will say river. You must use a certain method we have designed for this experiment, which is called "word imagery". For each word pair, you must associate one word with the other
Outline and evaluate The Psychodynamic model as a way of explaining abnormal behaviour
MOS CRESSIDA Q. OUTLINE AND EVALUATE THE PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL AS A WAY OF EXPLAINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR. (18 marks) The Psychodynamic model was developed by Freud in the late 1970s. The model regards the origin of mental disorders as psychological rather than physical. He believed that these disorders were caused internally. The main principle is that mental illness arises from unresolved, unconscious conflicts, originating in childhood, which are now repressed. Freud first made his claim as a way of explaining hysteria, a disorder in which physical symptoms (such as deafness) are experienced, but with no underlying physical cause. He astonished his medical colleagues by proposing that hysteria's origins lay in unresolved and unconscious sexual conflicts originating in childhood. He believed that personality has three components and that all behavior is a product of their interaction (the 'structural model'): The Id is present at birth and is the impulsive, pleasurable seeking part of the personality. The Id operates on the pleasure principal, seeking immediate gratification. The Ego develops from the Id to help us cope with the external world, and is necessary for survival. The Ego operates on the reality principal, which directs the gratification of the Id's needs through socially acceptable means. Finally, the Superego is the final part to emerge and is
Outline and Evaluate the Working Memory Model
Outline and Evaluate the MSM The Multiple Store Model has three distinct stores; Sensory Memory-SM; this is things that are going on around you that you sense, Short Term Memory- STM; this is a store for items that you remember for a short period of time and finally Long Term Memory- LTM; this stores items for a long period of time. Sensory Memory has a vast capacity of things that it can store; these can be things like noises outside, your temperature or hunger. The duration for this store is 50 milliseconds, this means that each item will only be stored for a very short period of time, but many can be stored. The way in which memory is stored in the SM is by touch, taste, visual, ecoustic etc. They way in which the memory transfers from SM STM are by attention being given to the item. For example you will only realise that there are birds flying outside your window if your attention is being given to the things outside. This allows you to process and store the memory for longer. This leads on to Short Term Memory, which has a duration of 18 seconds in the STM. Encoding for STM is ecoustic and visual, which means it is stored by sound and images in the brain. Its capacity is 7±2 items, so either between 5-9 items. The transfer of STM LTM is via rehearsal. This allows Short Term Memory items to be held for much longer period of time. LTM has an unlimited capacity and an
Discuss one or more explanations of personality development.
Discuss one or more explanations of personality development. (24 marks) According to Sigmund Freud, what we do and why we do it, who we are and how we became this way are all related to our sexual drive. Differences in personalities originate in differences in childhood sexual experiences. In the Freudian psychoanalytical model, child personality development is discussed in terms of "psychosexual stages". In his "Three Essays on Sexuality" (1915), Freud outlined five stages of manifestations of the sexual drive: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital. At each stage, different areas of the child's body become the focus of his pleasure and the principal source of sexual arousal. Differences in satisfying the sexual urges at each stage will inevitably lead to differences in adult personalities. Conflicts between the sex drive and rules of society are present at every stage. A proper resolution of the conflicts will lead the child to progress past one stage and move on to the next. Failure to achieve a proper resolution, however, will make the child fixated in the present stage. This is believed to be the cause of many personality and behavioural disorders. Freud believed that personality has three structures: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is the Freudian structure of personality that consists of instincts. In Freud's view, the id is totally unconscious i.e. it
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using psychodynamic concepts of repression and resistance in understanding and treating psychological disorders.
FP/E3/1 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using psychodynamic concepts of repression and resistance in understanding and treating psychological disorders. The term "psychodynamic" suggests any explanation that emphasises the process of change or transformation and development, i.e., the dynamics (changeability) of behaviour or the forces that drive an individual to behave the way he or she does. "Dynamics" are the things that drive us or a machine to behave in particular ways.(Eyesenck & Flanagan, 2000. p 172)i. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical theory is probably the best-known example of the psychodynamic model. His view was that psychological disorders did not have a physical origin but instead arose out of unresolved, unconscious conflicts, which formed essentially in early childhood. All psychodynamic concepts arose from Freud's theory of personality development in which he essentially argued that the mind is divided into three parts. First, there is the id, which consists of mainly unconscious sexual and aggressive, essentially selfish, instincts. The motivating force is the innate sexual drive found in every human i.e. the libido. Second, there is the ego, which is the rational and conscious part of the mind. Third, there is the superego or the conscience. These three parts of the mind are frequently at conflict with one another. Conflicts occur most often
Highlight the key features/tenets of Freud's and Murray's theories of personality. Identify key similarities and differences between the two theories, and briefly assess if they are compatible or mutually exclusive.
Highlight the key features/tenets of Freud's and Murray's theories of personality. Identify key similarities and differences between the two theories, and briefly assess if they are compatible or mutually exclusive. In the following, I am going to first explain the key features of Freud's and Murray's theories of personality. Secondly, I will go through the similarities and differences between Freud's and Murray's theories. Lastly, I will discuss whether these two theories are compatible or mutually exclusive. Before I start, let's go through the meaning of 'personality'. Personality consists of the unique and stable patterns of behaviour, thoughts, and emotions shown by individuals (Nelson & Miller, 1995) or, as Friedman and Schustack (1999) have recently put it, the psychological forces that make people uniquely themselves. Actually, there are several theories that attempt to explain personality: Sigmund Freud, Henry A Murray and his collaborators, B F Skinner and George Kelly. Here, I am going to focus on the theories of Freud and Murray. To explain personality, psychoanalysts, with Sigmund Freud as the pioneer, tried to bring repressed unconscious material to the conscious domain. With respect to personality, however, four topics are most central: levels of consciousness, the structure of personality, anxiety and defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages of
Describe and Evaluate features of one approach to Psychopathology
Describe and Evaluate features of one approach to Psychopathology Psychopathology is the study of psychological disorders, their natures and causes. One approach to psychopathology is the psychodynamic approach; literally an approach that explains the dynamics of behaviour-what motivates a person. Freud suggested that unconscious forces and early experience are the prime motivators. There are some key features to this methodology, the first being that when you repress memories for too long and do not deal with them you can develop psychological disorders known as neurosis. These can manifest as panic attacks, hysterical behaviour, phobias, compulsive or obsessive behaviour. Repressing memories does not mean to make the issues go away; it means to bottle up any bad memories from the persons past and try to forget them. The memories continue to haunt and affect normal day to day behaviour, which becomes neurotic behaviour. According to Freud many of the repressed memories began in childhood and remain in frozen unconscious. Sigmund Freud believed that much of our behaviour is motivated by our unconscious desires. . Freud believed that the mind was made up of an id- unconscious mind, ego-conscious mind and the superego- imposes a moral standard to our thoughts. The id contains Eros and Thenatos. This is the life and death wish. Abnormal behaviour was seen as being caused by
Loftus and Palmer
Psychology Objective - Examine the ethical issues in the study by Loftus and Palmer. To debate on the ethical issues in this study. Task 1- Pick any two ethical issues and discuss them. Give examples for each. Task 2- Outline any ethical issues found in the study conducted by Loftus and Palmer. Task 1- Right to Withdraw Right to withdraw means that the participant may choose to leave or "withdraw" from the experiment at any given point of time. It is entirely their choice and they must not be forced into completing the experiment. The participants' reason to withdraw may vary from personal family emergency to objecting to what the experiment is testing. For example: There is an experiment conducted which is taking place. Jane has decided to volunteer for it. This experiment is testing the effect that caffeine has on the brain. Halfway through the experiment Jane feels drowsy and asks to leave. Jane reserves the "right to withdraw" and is therefore allowed to leave. Sophie signs up at a local university as a volunteer for a psychological experiment. However, the next day she discovers the experiment is being held in a different city. She has no available transport and has the "right to withdraw" therefore she takes her name off the list. Equitable Treatment- Equitable treatment is when all participants who take part in the experiment are treated equally.
Explain Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development
Explain Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development Sigmund Freud practiced as a psychiatrist in Vienna in the late nineteenth century. He mainly treated neurotic middle-aged women and his observations and case studies of these women led Freud to propose a theory of personality development. The main basic principle of his study suggested that adult personality is the result of an interaction between innate drives (such as the desire for pleasure) and early experience. Freud proposed that individual personality differences can be traced back to the way the early conflicts between desire and experience were handled. These conflicts remain with the adult and exert pressure through unconsciously motivated behaviour. Freud's theory proposed that the mind can be divided into three main parts. These are the id, ego and superego. The id contains innate sexual and aggressive instincts and works alongside the pleasure principle, which searches for immediate satisfaction. The ego is the conscious, rational mind and works on the reality principle. Last is the superego. This is the conscience and knows between right and wrong. These can be related to personality s each person may be dominated by a part of the mind. For example, people who are dominated by their Id are said to be 'erotic' and seek pleasure. Freud also defined stages of psychosexual development. These stages
media influences on behaviour
Outline and evaluate research theories in to media influences on behaviour. Certain forms of media compose the multi-billion dollar a year entertainment industry. The largest markets in the entertainment business are TV and movies. Almost one and a half billion Americans attend movies in the theatres each year. Over one billion households worldwide have at least one television set. TV and movies have positive aspects, which enhance the society. Numerous films and programs bring joy and satisfaction to many people; however a number of observers will argue that some elements of entertainment are not appropriate for young children. Violence on TV and in movies is a controversial aspect under much scrutiny nowadays. A reason TV and movies are under scrutiny is that children in America are exposed to more violence on TV with each passing year. The average American child watches 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence before finishing elementary school. Studies suggest that television violence is responsible for the increase in childhood violence. Conversely, it is widely believed that American children are negatively affected by violence on TV and in movies because it desensitises them to violence, and leads to sometimes irreversible patterns of behaviour and actions in their adult lives. Watching violence is a popular form of entertainment, and watching it on TV is the
