Memory. In this investigation, my aim is to see whether shallow processing or deeper processing lasts long in the human mind. This means that I am checking to see whether people can remember things
G.C.S.E PSYCHOLOGY - MR HUNT COURSEWORK "HOW GOOD IS THE MEMORY?" HOW GOOD IS THE MEMORY? INTRODUCTION AIM: In this investigation, my aim is to see whether shallow processing or deeper processing lasts long in the human mind. This means that I am checking to see whether people can remember things that can make a story thus meaning more or if they can just remember random things due to physical appearance. RELEVANCE TO SPECIFICATION In this investigation I am trying to investigate whether people remember more when there is a meaning attached to it or whether they just remember it due to its physical appearance. We are seeing how well the brain remembers things if it finds it harder or easier to remember things that mean little or nothing at all. The area of study I am researching for this investigation is "levels of processing approach". The psychologists that investigated this were Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart (1972). They were challenging the multistore model saying that there are two ways in which we remember things. Craik and Lockhart believe that people remember things that can be elaborated (linked to other things) on rather than things that are remembered due to visual appearances. Theses are called shallow processing and deep processing. Shallow is when you remember something because you have not elaborated on it but just remembered it using
What Zimbardo's Experiment taught me About People and Conformity?
What Zimbardo's Experiment taught me About People and Conformity? Zimbardo's experiment was a classic experiment in social Psychology in the 1973. It is also a Key Study for the Conformity area of this unit. The whole experiment taught me that good people will soon rebel and would be difficult to handle in a complex situation. When the prisoners arrived to their jail they were blind folded and in a state of mud shock over their surprise arrest by the city police. They were put into a car and driven to the "Stanford County Jail". After arriving at the jail the prisoners where searched and stripped naked and then sprayed to get rid of any unwanted germs or lice. However the psychological consequences of stripping, delousing, and shaving the heads of prisoners or members of the military, can cause series of mental emotions to form. This can destroy the independence of the person and make them seem as though they are a number and nothing else. To further promote the prisoners anonymity, the guards wore mirror like sunglasses prevented anyone from seeing their eyes or reading their emotions. This slowly formed a huge impact on the prisoners and cause distress to them as well. The rebellion began into the morning of the second day in the jail and soon after conformity took its place. An example of conformity which took place in this experiment, was when one of the prisoners
In this essay I will evaluate and explain the Social Learning Theory (SLT), which explains aggressiveness from a behaviourism point of view. The opposite point of view is the biological point of view; they believe that aggressiveness stems from genetic ma
In this essay I will evaluate and explain the Social Learning Theory (SLT), which explains aggressiveness from a behaviourism point of view. The opposite point of view is the biological point of view; they believe that aggressiveness stems from genetic make-up. Together these two views can be seen as the nature and nurture debate; according to social psychologists aggression is learnt (nurture), from the view of the biological psychologists they believe aggression is innate (nature). Bandura and Walters's believed that aggression is learnt through indirect and direct reinforcement; however they did not dismiss the biological views on aggression and said that the behaviourist approach looks at how and when we aggress. The social learning theory has many research study's, the most popular being Bandura's study with the bobo doll. Bandura has children observing a model who interacted with the bobo doll, either aggressively or non-aggressively. The children were then 'frustrated' by taken to another room filled with toys, but they were told it was an error and had to leave. The children were then left alone with the doll whilst Bandura observed their behaviour. Bandura found that children who had observed the aggressive model would be aggressive towards the doll, and the children who watched the non-aggressive model either played with the doll in a non-aggressive manner or
Freud's theory of psycho-sexual development
According to Freud, sexual drive, along with aggression, is the central factor in determining the personalities of human beings and the main driving force that gives reason to, and influences what we do and who we become. He asserts that if each psycho- sexual-oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital - stage is not resolved, fixation at that particular stage, and thereafter personality and behavioural problems might occur in latter life. More importantly, infantile sexuality, which encompasses the first three stages, is said to play an imperative role in the shaping the personalities of adults. Freud believes that while boys and girls would progress similarly during the earlier oral and anal stages, it is at the phallic stage where complications in undergoing a two-fold change in sexual object and leading sexual organ might make it more difficult for girls to progress through this stage, if at all. His work experiences dealing with neurotic women has also led him to proclaim that, "Now will you have escaped worrying over this problem - those of you of are men; to those of you who are women this will not apply - you are yourselves the problem".1 He believes that women's constant need for attention and attention from their parents -and in later life, their husbands- leads them to have illnesses, which "are the result of intentions"2, albeit unconsciously. His cure for such
Describe and Evaluate Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory and Method
Describe and Evaluate Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory and Method Sigmund Freud was the creator of Psychoanalysis which means analysis of the mind, Freud developed specific methods of analysing, all of them concentrating on the unconscious mind. This essay will describe Freud's psychoanalytic theory, method and the techniques he used, describing, Methods of Investigation, Personality Development, Defence Mechanisms and The Psychosexual Stages of Development. Freud believed that because he could not find any physical cause for many of his patient's symptoms, that they must be linked to unconscious psychological disturbances. Freud attempted to uncover the psychological problems using Psychoanalysis. Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Development suggests that three components, The ID, The EGO, and The SUPER-EGO drive people. The ID is present at birth and works on the "Pleasure Principle" demanding immediate gratification, e.g. "At birth a baby's mind is all Id - want want want. The Id is the primitive mind, containing all the basic needs and feelings". . Available from [online] 19/10/04 http://www.wilderdom.com/personality/L8-4StructureMindIdEgoSuperego.html The EGO develops soon after birth and works on the "Reality Principle", the conscience is formed which aids our decision making, Davies and Houghton (1995 Pg 261) wrote..."once
Discuss the psychodynamic approach to psychology.
Discuss the psychodynamic approach to psychology. The psychodynamic approach focuses upon the role that internal processes and past experience have in shaping a persons personality. The most famous psychodynamic theory is Freud's psychoanalytic theory. Freud believed that the personality was structured in a very specific way, with three defined areas interacting with eachother to form a unique balance of characteristics in every individual. These three areas are 1) The ID. This is also known as the unconscious mind and is described as being an innate set of drives that require immediate gratification. These drives can be either sexual or aggressive. This area of the personality is particularly associated with the 'Pleasure principle'. This principle is namely being to increase pleasure and to avoid pain. 2) The Ego. This develops within the first two years of life and is a consequence of experience. The Ego is the area of the personality works on the basis of the 'Reality principle'. This means that it is the conscious, rational part of the mind. Because of this, the Ego plays a large part in modifying the demands of the ID to be more realistic in a true to life situation. 3) The Superego. This develops at around the age of 5 and is the part of the mind that embodies an individuals sense of what is right and wrong. The Superego equates to what is more commonly known as a
Describe and evaluate any one approach to the study of Human behaviour.
Describe and evaluate any one approach to the study of Human behaviour. The Psychodynamic Approach to Psychology Barry Hollinshead H.E.F.C. Psychology. It was in the early 1900s when, Sigmund Freud, a neurologist living in Vienna, first published his psychoanalytic theory of personality, in which the unconscious mind played a crucial role. Combining the then current cognitive notions of consciousness, perception and memory with the ideas of biologically based instincts. He came up with a bold new theory now known as psychodynamics. This new theory, which forms the basis of the psychodynamic approach, represented a challenge and a major alternative to behaviourism. Freud's assumptions centred in and around the unconscious processes, which were important influences in our behaviour. He spoke of an INTERNAL id, ego and superego controlling our behaviour. In contrast, Watson had suggested that, since our mind was like a black box and we can't see inside it, we can only speculate about what is inside the mind. He preferred therefore the assumption that majority of behaviour is learned from the environment as a response to specific stimuli. In this essay we will look at Freud's theory of the mind, the stages we go through and evaluate his processes of treatment. Freud believed that the human mind had both conscious and unconscious areas. The unconscious part of the mind was
Outline and evaluate one or more theories of face recognition
Outline and evaluate one or more theories of face recognition (24) Face recognition are processes involved in recognition of faces. Explanations of face recognition include feature analysis versus holistic forms. Remembering and recognising faces is an important skill we apply each day of our lives. It is important to our social interactions, to work and school activities, and in our personal family lives. Bradshaw and Wallace supported the feature analysis by using identikits To construct pairs of faces that shared a number of features, but differed in others. Participants were asked to decide as quickly as possible, whether pairs of faces were the same or different. The more differences that there were between the two faces, the faster the judgements. They concluded that participants were processing facial features independently and in serial fashion. Sergant pointed out that that the faces that differed in several features were also very different in terms of their for consideration and that it may have been this factor would allow participants to make speedy judgements. Sergent conducted her or study based on identikit pictures and found that the faces were being processed in a holistic form, rather than a set of independent features. In another study, Young supported the idea that we recognize faces by processing information about the aural consideration of the
Critical Issue Analysis - Psychological Debriefing
Critical Issue Analysis - Psychological Debriefing Psychological debriefing is one form of therapy that is used when traumatic events occur in an individual's life. Individuals who encounter a traumatic event may become distressed and risk developing a psychological illness. Psychological debriefing is an intervention process in which survivors are urged to recount and relive the incident in order to avoid long-term consequences and traumatic stress responses (Halgin, 2009). There are some claims that psychological debriefing is helpful while other claims indicate that there is no therapeutic value in debriefing but it causes no injury to the individual and others who claim that psychological debriefing increases the risk of the individual developing long-term psychological symptoms following a certain events. Some companies, in fear of litigation, require employees who have experienced a traumatic event to undergo psychological debriefing. Debriefing has its beginnings in the military and is a form of psychological "first aid". General Marshall advocated the use during World War II to gather information from the troops about the fighting day but noticed that debriefing had a morale-building effect as well. Debriefing became popular again in 1983 when J.T. Mitchell published "When disaster strikes, the critical incident stress debriefing process". Mitchell described
What is forensic science? How can it's study help in the detection and prevention of crime?
Assignment Task B1 What is forensic science? How can its study help in the detection and prevention of crime? Discuss in an essay of approximately 2000 words. Forensic science is one of the three applications of medical knowledge applied to solving crime, over recent years forensics has become more advanced and better technology used to assist in criminal cases. Forensics alone is not a preventative to crime but can be seen as a hindrance to criminal activity. Unless criminals become clever and become forensically aware, it would be impossible to leave some trace evidence at a crime scene. Forensics is not only just about finding the perpetrator(s) of a crime but can also be used to prove a persons innocence using DNA and forensic evidence. I'm sure those who have suffered a mis-carriage of justice fully appreciate being cleared of a crime they didn't commit thanks to the use of DNA and other forensic techniques. Forensics used in conjunction with policing can provide vital evidence along with eyewitness statements, alibis etc to provide prosecution teams with the necessary evidence to convict. Collating information obtained from other crime scenes and producing a database for cross-reference is a major break-through. This allows police and other agencies to compare similar cases and possibly find links to previous unsolved cases. All the information is collected
