Outline and evaluate Bowlbys theory of attachment
Outline and evaluate Bowlbys theory of attachment According to Bowlby and his theory (also known as evolutionary theory), children have an innate drive to b and his ecome attached to a caregiver. Bowlby suggests that this is the way that all infants are 'programmed' as it is a way of ensuring the survival and reproduction. Bowlby would suggest that this attachment is very important for later-development and has a key impact on the relationships they form. According to this theory, infants and carers have innate programming to become attached, something known to physiologists as 'social releasers'. One of these many social releasers is called the 'sensitive period', an essential period in the second quarter of the first year, where it is most effective to form an attachment with the infant. Anything after these months, Bowlby would suggest, becomes increasing difficult to form a strong attachment. The 'sensitive period' is seen as one of the strengths of Bowlbys evolutionary theory. This is from a conclusion of research carried out by Hodges and Tizard who found that children which had not formed any attachments had later difficulties with peers. Another 'social releaser' for Bowlby's theory 'the continuity hypothesis'. This is the idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be emotionally secure, trusting and socially confident adult if a positive and similar
Describe and evaluate Piagets theory of cognitive development
Describe and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development Piaget studied a vast number of children and developed a theory to describe the way in which children’s thinking changes as they grow older. Piaget believed that as children get older they automatically go through several stages of thinking. It is believed that our cognitive development is invariant, meaning that the stages are always in the same order, and universal, meaning that they apply to all children regardless of culture. His theory consisted of 4 main stages. The first stage is the sensorimotor stage, which involves children from birth to 2 years old. As the name suggests, these children learn through their senses and actions. They also lack object permanence, so believe that if they cannot see an object then it does not exist. The following stage is the pre-operational stage. Children aged 2 to 7 years old are unable to conserve, and so cannot understand that things remain the same even when their appearance changes. These children are also egocentric, and have an inability to see things from another’s point of view. Children of this stage undergo symbolic thought and play, which is the ability to use one concept to represent another. The third stage is the concrete operational stage, for 7 to 11 year olds. Children in this stage begin to perform logical operations, for example, they are able to
Outline and Evaluate the Working Memory Model
Outline and Evaluate the MSM The Multiple Store Model has three distinct stores; Sensory Memory-SM; this is things that are going on around you that you sense, Short Term Memory- STM; this is a store for items that you remember for a short period of time and finally Long Term Memory- LTM; this stores items for a long period of time. Sensory Memory has a vast capacity of things that it can store; these can be things like noises outside, your temperature or hunger. The duration for this store is 50 milliseconds, this means that each item will only be stored for a very short period of time, but many can be stored. The way in which memory is stored in the SM is by touch, taste, visual, ecoustic etc. They way in which the memory transfers from SM STM are by attention being given to the item. For example you will only realise that there are birds flying outside your window if your attention is being given to the things outside. This allows you to process and store the memory for longer. This leads on to Short Term Memory, which has a duration of 18 seconds in the STM. Encoding for STM is ecoustic and visual, which means it is stored by sound and images in the brain. Its capacity is 7±2 items, so either between 5-9 items. The transfer of STM LTM is via rehearsal. This allows Short Term Memory items to be held for much longer period of time. LTM has an unlimited capacity and an
Many advertisements use fallacies to boost their effectiveness and impact on readers and the audience.
Many advertisements use fallacies to boost their effectiveness and impact on readers and the audience. A fallacy is defined as misleading content that influences a reader to buy a product. To a larger extent, advertisements use fallacies such as gift pitches, shills and testimonials. However, to a smaller extent, advertisements use other forms of psychological mechanisms that do not involve fallacies, such as persuasion psychology. Gift pitches are used to attract customers with the prospect of receiving an additional free gift, making them feel that they are gaining from the purchase. For example, a Baygon advertisement claims that customers can win a hundred times of what they spend on Baygon, making readers feel that they gain rather than spend by buying this brand. It also encourages customers to start "winning" instead of "buying", adding to the psychological effect that they are gaining from this promotion. However, the seller or manufacturer may not be in actual fact giving a free gift. He may have simply increased the selling price so that his profits can cover the cost of the "gift". However, gift pitches are very attractive as they mislead customers into thinking that they are getting something for nothing. Shills are used to assure a customer that the product is worth buying, since another customer has given feedback that he approves of it. For example, a tuition
Describe and Evaluate features of one approach to Psychopathology
Describe and Evaluate features of one approach to Psychopathology Psychopathology is the study of psychological disorders, their natures and causes. One approach to psychopathology is the psychodynamic approach; literally an approach that explains the dynamics of behaviour-what motivates a person. Freud suggested that unconscious forces and early experience are the prime motivators. There are some key features to this methodology, the first being that when you repress memories for too long and do not deal with them you can develop psychological disorders known as neurosis. These can manifest as panic attacks, hysterical behaviour, phobias, compulsive or obsessive behaviour. Repressing memories does not mean to make the issues go away; it means to bottle up any bad memories from the persons past and try to forget them. The memories continue to haunt and affect normal day to day behaviour, which becomes neurotic behaviour. According to Freud many of the repressed memories began in childhood and remain in frozen unconscious. Sigmund Freud believed that much of our behaviour is motivated by our unconscious desires. . Freud believed that the mind was made up of an id- unconscious mind, ego-conscious mind and the superego- imposes a moral standard to our thoughts. The id contains Eros and Thenatos. This is the life and death wish. Abnormal behaviour was seen as being caused by
Compare chapter one of "My family and other animals" with that of "Cider with Rosie" how effective do you consider these as opening chapters?
Amy Kember 11G Compare chapter one of "My family and other animals" with that of "Cider with Rosie" how effective do you consider these as opening chapters? The opening chapter of 'Cider with Rosie' and 'My family and other animals' are written with very different approaches. 'Cider with Rosie' begins with Laurie Lee's earliest memory, and already in the first paragraph, we learn his age, what's going on and how he feels about it. 'Cider with Rosie' is written from the perspective of a three-year-old, whereas Gerald Durrell is writing his account of family life from an older child's view, taking a more analytical and realistic view on life. As a child Laurie Lee looks upon everything in awe and amazement, especially his new surroundings: "The June grass, amongst which i stood, was taller than I was, and I wept. I had never been so close to grass before. It towered above me and all around me, each blade tattooed with tiger-skins of sunlight." In the first chapter of his autobiography, Laurie Lee introduces us to his large and loving family, who have moved into the country, and are settling into their new found rural life. In Gerald Durrells 'My family and other animals' he introduces his family, as Laurie does, but in not such a loving way, Durrells family are clearly not as loving and fond of each other as Laurie Lee's family are. In Durrell's similarly large family,
Loftus and Palmer
Psychology Objective - Examine the ethical issues in the study by Loftus and Palmer. To debate on the ethical issues in this study. Task 1- Pick any two ethical issues and discuss them. Give examples for each. Task 2- Outline any ethical issues found in the study conducted by Loftus and Palmer. Task 1- Right to Withdraw Right to withdraw means that the participant may choose to leave or "withdraw" from the experiment at any given point of time. It is entirely their choice and they must not be forced into completing the experiment. The participants' reason to withdraw may vary from personal family emergency to objecting to what the experiment is testing. For example: There is an experiment conducted which is taking place. Jane has decided to volunteer for it. This experiment is testing the effect that caffeine has on the brain. Halfway through the experiment Jane feels drowsy and asks to leave. Jane reserves the "right to withdraw" and is therefore allowed to leave. Sophie signs up at a local university as a volunteer for a psychological experiment. However, the next day she discovers the experiment is being held in a different city. She has no available transport and has the "right to withdraw" therefore she takes her name off the list. Equitable Treatment- Equitable treatment is when all participants who take part in the experiment are treated equally.
Discuss the contribution that psychology has made to contemporary society.
Discuss the contribution that psychology has made to contemporary society. Since Psychology has been known as a subject, it is very broad, and has contributed to many areas of society to the work place, school, prison and institutions. In the work place, managers are trained to deal and communicate effectively with employees and customers alike. This helps to keep both parties happy, and this causes less distress. Most work places are under law in which even people with mental health issues are allowed to be employed, and only in severe cases they will be unaccepted to the job. An occupational psychologist is able to find a job for those who are disabled and that would be able to meet their skills and knowledge. A couple of centuries ago, people who had mental illnesses wouldn't be able to get a job, and are likely to be distinguished as 'insane' or 'crazy', because of the lack of help that was given at that time. In the school, the National Curriculum has been helped by the research of Psychology by the reflection of Piaget's stages - showing that children are likely to cope with ideas when they are ready or at a given age. For example, those children who are at the concrete operation stage at age 11 should not be given anything to do with formal reasoning. Although, Vygotsky believed in scaffolding, this means by actively participating in groups to their level of
Child and Death
Children learn about death in different ways. They have vivid imaginations and can develop negative behaviors towards death if not dealt with properly. Inappropriate ways to describe death to a child under age of 12 include the use of euphemisms such as "Mommy went to heaven", "Nanny went away", or "Daddy is sleeping." The problem with euphemisms is that they tend to confuse the child. A child who is told that "Daddy is sleeping" believes that daddy would wake up again, since people wake up after they go to sleep. The problem arises when daddy is put in a casket and buried, which more often than not creates a fear of sleeping so as not to be put in a box! I remember two years ago attending a funeral of a fallen soldier where his son was told he was sleeping. The child walked up to the casket in the church where his father was laid and started shaking the corpse trying to arouse his father from his sleep. Imagine the wave of emotion the misunderstanding created! It is better to help the child understand that the person has died. Being honest, simple and direct helps more than 'beating around the bush'. Using the correct words and language is preferable to using euphemisms, albeit difficult for adults. Other inappropriate ways include trying to avoid the subject or postponing the explanation of death and dying when it comes to the loss of a pet or somebody not too close to the
Memory Experiment Procedure
Psychology Coursework Procedure Ethics Statement Thank you for volunteering to participate in this experiment. The experiment will involve a memory test. All results from participants will be kept confidential and names/ details will not be used in my report. This experiment will not be stressful for you and any physical/mental harm has been taken into account and kept to a minimal, if present at all. If at any time you feel uncomfortable about this, you can withdraw anytime before or during the experiment. After you have finished, we will give you a debriefing of our intentions with the results and how I was testing you. Instructions - Condition 1 For this experiment, we will read out 10 pairs of words for you to remember e.g. grass-plate. After we have read out the word pairs, we will repeat one word from each pair and you will have to name the other word in that pair e.g. we will say grass and you will say plate. Instructions - Condition 2 For this experiment, we will read out 10 pairs of words for you to remember e.g. clock-river. After we have read out the word pairs, we will repeat one word from each pair and you will have to name the other word in that pair e.g. we will say clock and you will say river. You must use a certain method we have designed for this experiment, which is called "word imagery". For each word pair, you must associate one word with the other
