Should Freudian theory be abandoned?
IP1/E3/1 Should Freudian theory be abandoned? Sigmund Freud was a Viennese psychiatrist who collected a body of data from his patients about their feelings and emotional experiences, especially relating to their childhood. He then developed his ideas to explain human behaviour into a theory: Psychoanalytic Theory, and a form of therapy: Psychoanalysis. His psychoanalytic theory is the best-known psychodynamic approach today. He believed that unconscious internal forces controlled an individual's behaviour. Psychoanalytic theory seeks to explain human development and behaviour in terms of an interaction between innate drives (such as the desire for pleasure) and early experiences (the extent to which early desires were gratified)(Eyesenck & Flanagan, 2000). Freud assumed that the mind is made up of three parts. All three parts are used for most behavioural decisions. First, there is the id. The id is made up of natural biological instincts and urges. These instincts and urges lie in the unconscious and are thought to be sexual and aggressive. They are all self-serving, impulsive, and irrational. The id runs according to the pleasure principle, with the emphasis being on immediate satisfaction. Second, there is the ego. This develops during the first two years of life and is the rational and conscious part of the mind. The ego works on the reality principle, taking account
Outline the key features of the psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives, and briefly compare and contrast their views on conscious experience, a person as an integrated whole, and the role of therapists in arriving at changes.
Question - Option B Outline the key features of the psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives, and briefly compare and contrast their views on conscious experience, a person as an integrated whole, and the role of therapists in arriving at changes. Answer In explaining and predicting animal behaviour, different schools of psychology are of different perspectives; e.g. cognitive approach focuses on the mental processes, behaviourism is based on external stimuli and reinforcement, biological approach is concerned with the relationship between the mind and body and the influence of heredity. However, they are only cope with a specific part of people, but neglect human as a whole. To supplement such deficient, both psychoanalytic and humanistic psychologies have provided their perspectives on it. Psychoanalytic Perspective Psychoanalytic approach was advocated by Sigmund Freud, a private practitioner who construct his theory through therapy and self-experience. In his theory, there are three major ideas; they are consciousness, psychosexual stages of development and psychodynamics as well. Freud split the consciousness into three levels; they are conscious, preconscious and unconscious respectively. The conscious level contains information of which we are aware, alert and awake at the moment, e.g. you can easily answer the question of "What is your name?". The
Autobiography - creative writing.
Autobiography On Saturday the 28th of December, I was born in Guernsey. I don't know what happened, apart from the fact that I was born prematurely by a month. The first memory I can really remember is when my Dad first took me dinghy sailing. I was only four so in a way the sea was scary. My Dad got the boat ready and helped me with my lifejacket. Then we were off; it was amazing we went so fast. My Dad showed me what to do; he even let me steer. We zoomed around the harbour looking at all the boats. We tried to guess where they came from by looking at their flags. From that day, I have loved sailing. My next memory that I can call to mind is when I was seven. It was Christmas time. My auntie and two cousins came for a holiday from Australia. It was a hilarious Christmas. The best part was waking up on Christmas morning. Ben the youngest cousin woke me up at five in the morning to say that Santa had delivered our stockings. He was so excited I thought he was going to burst. I got up and went with him to wake up his brother, Peter. We took our stockings and sat on my bed opening the treasures inside. It was brilliant we received everything we wanted. Afterwards we played with our new toys until our parents woke up. It was the best Christmas ever. My third memory is when I got my fish when I was ten. I hadn't any other pets so having fish was going to be a treat. I had
formation of relationships
Discuss and research theories/ studies relating to the formation of relationships There are many theories relating to formation of relationships. These include the filter theory, the matching hypotheses, social-biological theory and the reinforcement-affect theory. Kerckhoff and Davis came up with the filter model of attraction. They believed that we rely on social and personal factors to filter potential relationships from the field of eligibles. There are five criteria; proximity, similarity, physical attractiveness, complementarity of needs and competence. We narrow down the people whom we may form a relationship with, through a series of selection filters. The criteria tend to be used a different stages. In initial attraction, proximity is the obvious filter; we form relationships with those who live close by, this is how we may become aware of the person. Similarity is important because the people who we share the same ethnicity, background and occupation we are more likely to talk and come in contact with. Once this stage of filtering has taken place, people then consider weather we share the same attitudes as the other person. Duck and Gillmor believed if we do share similar attitudes then the relationship is more likely to be pursued. Caspi and Herbener carried out a survey which found that married couples who were more similar were more satisfied with their
Structures and functions of the brain
Osorio, Magaly November 22, 2012 Period: 5 The Brain The brain is very important in our bodies because it controls every part of our daily life, from breathing and blinking. It is located in the head and it has a whitish-pink appearance. It contains about one hundred billion neurons and weights about three pounds. It controls our organs in the body. The brain flashes messages out to all the other parts of the body. All of our thoughts and feelings are also controlled by the brain. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. The brain doesn't just control your organs, but also can think and remember. That part of the brain is called the mind. It consists of three major parts which are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the brain stem. The cerebrum or the cortex is the largest part of the human brain. The cerebrum is divided into four sections which are the front lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and the temporal lobe. The frontal lobe is associated with reasoning, planning, movement, emotions, and problem solving. The frontal lobe also recognizes sarcasm and irony. It is located at the front part of the brain. The partial lobe is located at the back of the frontal lobe and on top of the temporal lobe. It associated with orientation and recognition of a perception of stimuli. The occipital lobe is located at the very back part of the brain. Its main
Separation Anxiety Disorder V.S. Separation Anxiety
Separation Anxiety Disorder Separation Anxiety Disorder is prolonged, developmentally inappropriate, excessive anxiety, and distress in a child concerning removal from parents, home, or familiar surroundings. ("Free Dictionary By Farlex") This papers purpose is to inform the reader of the symptoms and tips on how this Disorder can be fixed. Separation Anxiety Disorder V.S. Separation Anxiety Many young children suffer from suffer from Separation Anxiety, Separation Anxiety Disorder, however has many of the same symptoms but isn’t the same. Separation Anxiety starts as a baby, when the babe sees that its alone and that mom or dad are not around or even in the same room the baby will start to cry, and scream. As the babe gets older the crying turns into tantrums and clinginess, this usually last till the child is about 4 or 5 years old ( keeping in mind that all children progress differently). The Disorder begins when the child does not adapt to the leavening of the parent or person to whom they are attached to. Common Cause of Separation Anxiety Disorder There are many different causes as to why this disorder can develop. The most common ones would be: Changes in environment- a new house, or school, this can lead to stress which also can cause Separation Anxiety Disorder I children, the stress of going to a new school, having to make new friends can
Psychology Perception - While playing outside with his friends, A-Rod gets hit in the knee with a ball. Improper functioning of the visual system is the first thing that affected his perception
While playing outside with his friends, A-Rod gets hit in the knee with a ball. Improper functioning of the visual system is the first thing that affected his perception. Objects that are closer to us produce bigger images on our retinas. The size of the ball was kept constant in A-Rod’s mind, even though the picture on his retina changed in size. Shape constancy states that objects viewed from different angles will produce different shapes on our retinas, but we know that the shape of the object remains constant; this is the case for A-Rod. The final contributor to how vision affected his perception would be that we perceive objects as being a constant color even as the light reflecting off the object changes. A-Rod may be used to playing ball at night which changes the color of the ball and so when daytime came around, the ball itself was a foreign object to him. As day comes the ball will look more vibrant. But we know that the color is always white or black even though it may not look like so in our retina. Binocular cues are tricks we use to see depth using both your eyes during perception. Retinal disparity states that since we have two eyes, so the brain gets two images. The more similar the images are between the two eyes, your brain will assume the object is farther away. The more of a difference the images are between the eyes, you brain will assume the object
Interpersonal Relationships
Running head: INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS Interpersonal Relationships Jason Hruby July 4, 2009 Abstract This paper analyzes elements of interpersonal relationships, including attraction, intimacy, and aggression. The paper begins with an operational definition of interpersonal relationships, and then examines the concepts of familiarity, similarity, and reciprocity as they relate to attraction. The paper continues with an explanation of the concepts of interdependence, attachment, and belonging as they relate to intimacy, and concludes with an analysis of cognitive theories related to aggression and antisocial behavior. Interpersonal Relationships Social psychology builds on the essential interactions of individuals in social contexts. According to Fiske (2004), the interpersonal self consists of those aspects of the individual that participate in face-to-face, relational roles that fulfill socially defined positions, and provide common prescriptions for behavior. Interpersonal relationships form the bridge between pairs of individuals, and the cognitive, affective, and behavioral ways in which they interact. It is important to study individual pair-relationships as a precursor to individual group-relationships, which are typically built from them. The roles that form the basis of interpersonal relationships arise from cultural and intercultural common grounds.
Ethical Issues in Psychology
Over time, many psychological studies have taken place, some of which have resulted in the investigation of various ethical issues. Milgram's 1963 obedience experiment is certainly one criticised by psychologists such as Baumrind. In 1963 Milgram advertised for people to join his "study of the memory" through the local press. Milgram informed paired participants that one would be a student, and the other would take on a teacher role. The student, who was actually an actor, was put into a small room, where he had to answer questions. If the student provided the wrong answer to the question they were given an electric shock, each wrong answer would see an increase in electrical current and more violent shocks, at one point the student would complain repeatedly of heart palpitations. Whenever the participant playing the role of the teacher said they did not want to carry on with the experiment, the person in authority told them they had no choice but to proceed. The majority of teachers continued to question and shock their students, and completed the experiment despite cries for mercy and screams of pain. Upon completion of the experiment the teacher was reunited with the student once more, the situation became apparent that, they had in fact been fooled into thinking this was a live study, but in reality no one had been electrocuted and the distress was a just a
Psychology - conformity
Independent Conformity. Jenness was the first person to study conformity, his experiment involved a glass bottle filled with beans. He asked people individually to estimate how many beans the bottle contained, then put the group in a room with the bottle, and asked them to provide a group estimate. He then interviewed the subjects individually again, and asked if they would like to change their original estimates, or stay with the group's estimate. Almost all changed their individual guesses to be closer to the group estimate. The aim of my study is to see if individual estimates are influenced by the estimates of others. The independent variable of this study is what estimates the participants see, either condition A or condition B (High estimates or Low estimates). The dependant variable of this study is whether or not the independent variable affects what the participants estimate. I predict that the independent variable will affect what the participants estimate in the following ways: * If the participants see the High estimates, their estimates will be higher. The High- fake estimate sheet will consist of 5 fake estimates: 700, 670, 800, 731, and 950. * If the participants see the Low estimates, their estimates will be lower. The Low- fake estimate sheet will consist of 5 fake estimates: 400, 470, 550, 342, and 535. I will also create 5 estimate sheets with no
