"Some mothers choose to stay at home and look after their children while others have little choice in the matter and may feel quite worried about the effects of day care. To what extent does day care
"Some mothers choose to stay at home and look after their children while others have little choice in the matter and may feel quite worried about the effects of day care". To what extent does day care affect the social and cognitive development of children? As many changes have occurred over the past few decades, since the introduction of the 1976 Sex Discrimination Act, a greater number of women have entered the workforce. This has resulted in more and more children being looked after by adults other than their parents. Sometimes relatives are the care givers but many mothers don't have this option so need to seek child care in other areas such as; day nurseries, child minders, au pairs and nannies. According to The Institute of Fiscal Studies, approximately half of the women in the UK return to work within one year of giving birth and a further quarter will return after five years. This particular issue has caused many debates and arguments among psychologists as to whether day care is detrimental to a child's cognitive and social development. Many of these psychologists believe that child care has negative effects and that children would grow into emotionally and socially developed adults if they received all their pre-school care from their mothers and immediate family. In a baby's early days, they begin to develop a special emotional relationship with the person
Critically evaluate the psychoanalytic approach
Critically evaluate the psychoanalytic approach - Vicki Holgate Sigmund Freud the founder of psychoanalysis (1896-1939) worked on many ideas and cases that were to do with the mind and the body. Freud spent most of his life in Vienna where he expressed and distinguished the concepts of the unconscious, infantile sexuality and repression. Freud identified psychosexual stages, which are: - Oral stage - (approx 0-2 years) During the first year of life the libido is gratified through stimulation of the mucous membrane of the mouth (breast feeding, sucking behaviour). The child will enjoy sucking and biting. Freud suggested that if a child is weaned too early or too late they can have a fixation by using sucking sensations. Freud though did not give any indication when the correct time is to wean a child in order to overcome these fixations. He did though suggest that the fixations could be apparent in later life in the form of pen sucking or biting of the nail and smoking, as they are all types of oral stimulation/activities. Freud also said that too little stimulation in this early age could lead to the child in adult life having uncaring, self-centred attitude. And the other way with too much stimulation can lead to self controlled, gullible and unrealistic goals. These are both long lasting affects in later life if this stage is not correctly overcome. Anal stage -
What is Psychology?
TASK 1 What is Psychology? Psychology can be defined as the scientific study of human behavior and how humans experience the world around them from a rational, scientific point of view rather than from a mythical or spiritual view. There are several areas of professional psychology activity, two of which are briefly described below. Clinical Psychology A Clinical Psychologist works with a variety of people with mental health issues, in a number of service settings such as mental health clinics, general and psychiatric hospitals, prisons and higher educational establishments. Clinical Psychologist uses a broad approach to assessing human individual and interpersonal problems; this may involve interviews to assess the individuals development, behavior, personality, cognitive process, and emotional and social function. Once an assessment is made, the clinical psychologist uses a variety of treatments to develop and maintain therapeutic relationships with clients, this is because the whole purpose of intervention is to empower clients to make adaptive choices and to gain healthy control of their own lives. Educational Psychology An Educational Psychologist works with children, with special educational needs, learning difficulties, dyslexia, behavioral problems and sometimes gifted children. Various methods are used to assess the child's strengths and weaknesses in order to
Critical Appreciation of Wollheim, R., and
Critical Appreciation of Wollheim, R., and Kermode, F. (editor). (1971) Freud Richard Wollheim author of 'Freud' was one of the most distinguished and productive philosophers of his generation. He made a significant contribution to the post war flourishing of British philosophy and as his career continued his work grew steadily more individual, rich and expressive (The Times 2003). For Wollheim psychoanalysis was crucial to his personal outlook and played a fundamental role in defining his outlook on art. This was reflected in his standing as an honorary member of the San Francisco Psychoanalytical Institute and honorary affiliate of the British Psychoanalytical Society. In addition to this in 1991 Wollheim was awarded for his distinguished services to psychoanalysis by the International Society for Psychoanalysis. It is these personal and political affiliations which shaped the highly uncritical nature of the text. 'Freud' published in 1971 was written during an era when psychoanalysis became an influential method for understanding modern literature and culture. Psychoanalytical theory had been particularly effective in the area of literary and film criticism, its reading techniques widely disseminated, even when they were not always labelled psychoanalytic. Richard Wollheim points out that psychologist Sigmund Freud's writings on art usually focussed on the psychology of
Sigmund Freud's Life and Studies
Sigmund Freud's Life and Studies "Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in the small Moravian town of Freiberg" . His father was a merchant, and his mother was his father's third wife. Freud and his family moved to the city of Vienna when he was almost four. This was the initial stages of the Hapsburg empire's liberal era. A lot of religious restrictions and unfair taxes targeted on the Jewish community were repealed. This created a feeling hope that affected the new generation of Jews, including Freud. Freud was a brilliant student and always placed at the top of his class. In 1873, Freud entered the University of Vienna to initially study law. However, as Freud would put it later, his "greed for knowledge" made him change his major to medicine. Although Freud was more interested in studying the philosophical-scientific aspects of the mind. He especially became interested in neurology and physiology and finally graduated in 1881. Freud's research was based on close observations and scientific skepticism. However, this skeptical quality was not appreciated by all of his mentors. One mentor especially, Ernst Brucke, did not like Freud's ideas at all. He even advised Freud to take a lowly position at the Vienna General Hospital. Freud took this position, but his decision was influenced by certain personal events that would change his life. Freud was secretly
Psychology Coursework. In this piece of coursework I will be devising a test to see whether organisation can improve memory based on the work of Bower at al (1969). There are 3 mnemonics to help improve memory.
Introduction Memory is the ability to store information and retrieve it later when it is needed. Without it we would be able to do everyday tasks we take for granted. Images we see enter our eyes as light waves and we hear through sound waves. To make sense of the information it has too undergo three stages. These include encoding, were the information is changes so that we can make sense of it. It then goes into storage in a place which we can retrieve it whenever it is needed. In this piece of coursework I will be devising a test to see whether organisation can improve memory based on the work of Bower at al (1969). There are 3 mnemonics to help improve memory. These are... Cues Cues are like clues; they are like little arrows in our mind that helps guide us to the information we are looking for. They are one of the things we can do to improve recall. Tulving and Pearlstone (1966) asked participants to read lists containing a mixture of words from particular categories. They were then tested in free recall; one group was given a blank piece of paper to write the words down and the other group were given a piece of paper with the category headings from the list. The group with the headings recalled more than the group with the blank piece of paper. This shows how the category headings served as cues improve recalls. Imagery Another thing that has been found to
Critically evaluate Nancy Chodorow's theory of the origins of gender identity in childhood. In what ways does the theory adapt the classical Freudian ideas of the importance of fathers in the 'Oedipal Stage' in a child's development?
Critically evaluate Nancy Chodorow's theory of the origins of gender identity in childhood. In what ways does the theory adapt the classical Freudian ideas of the importance of fathers in the 'Oedipal Stage' in a child's development? In this essay I shall attempt to show the ways in which psychoanalytic feminist, Nancy Chodorow views the origins of gender identity in childhood and the ways in which she adapts the classical Freudian concept of the 'Oedipal' stage in the development of children. To do this I will first give a brief overview of Freud's original beliefs of the development of identity. I will then look at Chodorow's account of the formation of personality and gender in children in an endeavour to find in what ways Freud's early psychoanalytic works have been adapted in recent years. Freud's theory of gender development asserts that a child's awareness of the differences in boys and girls' genitals is of central importance in the development of gender identity. At first, the development of boys and girls is similar; both focus their love on the person who spends most time with them - the mother. Around the age of five, boys become aware that they have a penis and girls that they do not, and this leads to their developing a fantasy involving their genitals and their parents, as a result of which they come to identify with the same-sex parents. In the Oedipal
Freud claimed to have discovered 'scientific method by which the unconscious can be studied.' What according to Freud, is the unconscious, what was its role within the human mind, and how did he set about studying it? What was scientific about his metho
Freud claimed to have discovered 'scientific method by which the unconscious can be studied.' What according to Freud, is the unconscious, what was its role within the human mind, and how did he set about studying it? What was scientific about his methods? What was novel about his theories and methodologies and how much did they owe to the work of others? Freud proposed that the unconscious is a part of the mind, which is said to be inaccessible to the conscious mind but which affects behaviour and emotions. The conscious and unconscious mind can be in conflict with one another. Such conflicts overflow into the individual's behaviour for example resulting in hysteria, however such behaviours can be resolved according to Freud by bringing the memories that embody the repressed fears and conflicts into consciousness where they can be resolved. In his theory of psychoanalysis, Freud sought to explain how the unconscious mind operates by proposing that it has a particular structure. He proposed that the self was divided into three parts: the ego the superego and the id. The id represented primary process thinking. Our most primitive need focused, gratification type thoughts. The id Freud stated, constitutes part of ones unconscious mind. It is organised around primitive instinctual urges of sexuality, aggression and the desire for instant gratification or release. The
What can study of psychology tell us about how we lead our lives?
The Psychology of Everyday Life SCH10-1 Module Co-ordinator: Ian Robertson Assignment title: What can study of psychology tell us about how we lead our lives? The way we live depends on interaction with other people as well as on information we receive from the world. We form relationships, some of which are very bonded so we fall in love. Under the influence of environment we produce our behaviours. That is we find the best solutions for what we reoccupy from others and process information in our ways. Sometimes it is analytical that is we think logically, sometimes it is heuristic based on our instincts. The second one may be misleading, but very often there is no time to think. We are also able to learn and store information that draws our experience and prevents from making mistakes later on. Studying psychology-'science of behaviour' can give us some clues which we can use to improve our existence. Thanks to many researches, observations, and previous experience we are able to survive and exist. But it has to be bear in mind that there is no simple pattern for leading a good life. 'Man is the master of his own destiny.' First of all, people have tendency to approach each other or in other words to attract themselves. Psychology helps us to create positive evaluations, it is being held in high esteem by other people, shows how we are familiar to others and what
Psychology - conformity
Independent Conformity. Jenness was the first person to study conformity, his experiment involved a glass bottle filled with beans. He asked people individually to estimate how many beans the bottle contained, then put the group in a room with the bottle, and asked them to provide a group estimate. He then interviewed the subjects individually again, and asked if they would like to change their original estimates, or stay with the group's estimate. Almost all changed their individual guesses to be closer to the group estimate. The aim of my study is to see if individual estimates are influenced by the estimates of others. The independent variable of this study is what estimates the participants see, either condition A or condition B (High estimates or Low estimates). The dependant variable of this study is whether or not the independent variable affects what the participants estimate. I predict that the independent variable will affect what the participants estimate in the following ways: * If the participants see the High estimates, their estimates will be higher. The High- fake estimate sheet will consist of 5 fake estimates: 700, 670, 800, 731, and 950. * If the participants see the Low estimates, their estimates will be lower. The Low- fake estimate sheet will consist of 5 fake estimates: 400, 470, 550, 342, and 535. I will also create 5 estimate sheets with no
