autodirigidas
Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Licenciatura en Cs. Biológicas Int. Güiraldes 2620 Ciudad Universitaria - Pab. II, 4º Piso CPA: C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires ARGENTINA. ?: +54 11 4576-3349 ? Fax: +54 11 4576-3384 Conmutador: 4576-3300 Int.: 206 http://www.bg.fcen.uba.ar Carrera: Licenciatura en Ciencias Biológicas Código de la carrera: 05 Código de la materia: CARÁCTER: [SI / NO] PUNTAJE: Curso obligatorio de licenciatura (plan 1984) NO -- Curso optativo de licenciatura (plan 1984) SI -- Duración de la materia: 6 Semanas Cuatrimestre en que dicta: 2º Cuatrimestre Frecuencia en que se dicta: ANUAL Horas de clases semanales: Discriminado por: Hs. Teóricas 6 Problemas _ Laboratorios 6 Seminarios 2 Carga horaria semanal: 4 Carga horaria total cuatrimestral: 224 Asignaturas correlativas: Genética I - Física II Forma de Evaluación: 2 parciales teórico- práctico. Exámen final Profesor/a a cargo: Dr. Dante Agustín PAZ Firma y Aclaración: Fecha: / / DEPARTAMENTO DE BIODIVERSIDAD Y BIOLOGÍA EXPERIMENTAL FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES UBA BIOLOGÍA CELULAR Objetivos de la asignatura. Proporcionar al alumno el conocimiento de los métodos de estudio aplicables para el conocimiento de la estructura y función de las
Human biology short notes
Name of organelle Structure Function Cell membrane Composed of mainly proteins and lipids Forms the outer boundary of the cell Partially permeable (Selective)- has special pores Controls the transfer of substances into and out of the cell Prevents cell contents from escaping or mixing with the neighboring cells medium Cytoplasm Structure less, semi- fluid, jelly like substance Provides a medium for chemical reactions Suspends organelles within the cell Nucleus Spherical body Contains a nucleolus Neucleoplasm suspends chromatin Nuclear membrane contain special pores Controls cellular activities Contains chromosomes responsible for cell division Plastids *Chloroplast (Only in Plant Cells) Colourless plastids contain starch (used as a food store) Plastids which contain a green pigment- chlorophyll are called chloroplast Chlorophyll present absorbs the energy from the sunlight and uses it for photosynthesis in plants Cell wall (Only in Plant Cells) Made up of mainly cellulose Forms the outer boundary of the plant cell Not selective Non-living Keeps the rigid structure of the cell Since it is not selective allows any dissolved substances to pass through Mitochondria Doubled membrane- inner membrane is highly folded to increase the surface area Responsible for generating energy for cellular activities Aerobic
Stem Cell Research
The research of stem cells, particularly embryonic stem cells is a controversial issue in our society today. Stem cell research has an incredibly large potential in medicine and could dramatically affect the treatment of many human illnesses that would have previously been incurable. However there are many groups of people within our society that protest against the use of embryonic stem cells because they believe that it is not right to destroy living cells that have the potential to develop into living human beings. Numerous debates have occurred because of peoples' differing views on this topic. What Are Stem Cells? Stem cells are undifferentiated cells1; meaning they are cells in the body that have not yet become specialised. They have the potential to develop into any of the 220 specialised cells in the human body.2 For example stem cells can develop into cardiac muscle cells in the heart in the circulatory system, or into nerve cells in the nervous system. Each type of specialised cell has a unique structure that is specifically suited for its particular function. For example, nerve cells have thin, long extensions, which help them to transport electrical messages around the body more efficiently. 3 Once cells specialise, they cannot revert back to their previous stem cell state. This means that they can no longer specialise to form any other cell. Therefore it is
An experiment to investigate the rate of anaerobic respiration of yeast in various respiratory substrates
Practical Method Title "An experiment to investigate the rate of anaerobic respiration of yeast in various respiratory substrates." In this experiment, the independent variable is various different respiratory substrates being used (glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose) and the dependent variable is the rate of respiration (measured by movement of manometer fluid which moves in relation to the amount of carbon dioxide released). Apparatus Yeast Glucose Sucrose Maltose Lactose pH7 buffer Top pan balance Stopwatch Thermometer Manometer fluid Capillary tube 20ml & 1ml syringe 00ml beakers Distilled water Water trough Kettle Stirring rod Stopwatch Spatula Background information My investigation will involve analysing how yeast respires in various different substrates: Glucose, Lactose, Maltose and Sucrose. All four of these respiratory substrates are carbohydrates. Glucose Glucose is a monosaccharide sugar, which is a 'simple sugar' that have between 3 and 10 carbon atoms per molecule. They are sweet and all soluble in H2O. It has the chemical composition C6H12O6. Glucose is a white crystalline solid but is less sweet then ordinary table sugar. Powdered dry glucose exists mainly in straight chain form. However, when glucose molecules are dissolved in water, two different ring structures are formed. See picture. Fig 1 These ring structures are more
Biology Revision notes - Human Biology
Blood Pressure * Each time your heart contracts, it pumps blood into out arteries. * The blood needs to be under pressure so that it reaches all the parts of the body. A pulse - this is the recoiling of the arteries. Arteries are elasticised so that when blood is pumped, they expand and then contract. * The fitter you are, the lower your heart rate is because your heart is more efficient. * Pressure is created due to the blood pressing against the arteries and this is known as blood pressure. Blood pressure appears as a fraction and is measures in mmHg: Systolic: the heart contracts and pumps - The highest pressure on the arteries. Diastolic: the heart is relaxes and doesn't pump - The lowest pressure on the arteries. (mmHg - millimetres/mercury) Blood pressure is affected by: * Weight - being overweight increases the risk of high blood pressure * Exercise - strengthens heart muscles and keeps the heart fit * Diet - avoid salty and fatty foods * Temperature * Alcohol * Stress * Smoking - narrows blood vessels * Inheritance * Age - blood pressure increases with age * Underlying diseases High Blood Pressure Can cause: * An artery to burst * A stroke * A heart attack * Death High blood pressure means that the blood is pushing too hard against the artery walls. This damages the artery lining and allows fat and calcium to build up and form a plaque.
HSC Option_Biogenetics
9.7 - Genetics: The Code Broken? (Option) . The structure of a gene provides the code for a polypeptide: * Describe the processes involved in the transfer of information from DNA through RNA to the production of a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide: - The structures involved in polypeptide synthesis are: * DNA: A gene contains a sequence of bases to code for a protein. Every set of 3 bases is called a codon. * RNA: RNA is similar to DNA except that instead of deoxyribose as the sugar, it has ribose. It is single stranded, and instead of thymine, there is uracil. There are 3 forms involved in polypeptide synthesis: > mRNA: Messenger RNA carries the genetic code outside the nucleus, into the cytoplasm, where it can be read by ribosomes > tRNA: Transfer RNA carries the amino acids to the ribosomes to link and form a polypeptide chain. tRNA are shaped like clover leaves; there is a different type for every amino acid. At the bottom of every tRNA molecule is an anti-codon that binds to the codon on the mRNA strand. That is how the amino acid is linked to the codon. > Ribosomal RNA: Ribosomes are made up of protein and RNA * Ribosomes: The ribosome is the active site for protein synthesis. It is made up of protein and RNA molecules. It can accommodate 2 tRNA at a time. * Enzymes: The enzyme that controls the formation of mRNA is RNA polymerase. There are, of course,
Factors Affecting the Development of Coronary Heart Disease.
Factors Affecting the Development of Coronary Heart Disease Heart is a muscle, like any muscle it requires a constant supply of nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to function. These nutrients are carried to the heart via the coronary arteries. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the narrowing and clogging up of these arteries. If the coronary arteries get partly blocked, it causes the part of the heart which it was supplying, to respire anaerobic ally due to lack of oxygen, lactic acid is produced, causing the muscle cells to get cramp. This cramp is associated with chest pains called angina, which is relieved by rest. If the coronary arteries become fully blocked the part of the muscle which the arteries where supplying dies, this is called a heart attack or myocardial infarction. Both of these forms of heart disease occur due to narrowing or clogging up of the coronary arteries bought about as a result of arteriosclerosis. 'Arteriosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries is the disease process which leads to CHD' (biological sciences review) some hardening is thought to occur due to old age and hence older you are the higher the chance there is for you to develop heart disease. But 'many scientists think that arteriosclerosis begins with damage to the innermost layer of the artery wall' (www.americanheart.org) possibly bought about by a blow to the chest for example, harmful
HSC Module-Blueprint of Life
9.3 - Blueprint of Life: . Evidence of evolution suggests that the mechanisms of inheritance, accompanied by selection, allows change over many generations: * Outline the impact on the evolution of plants and animals of: * Changes in the physical conditions in the environment: * Changes in the chemical condition in the environment: * Competition for resources: - Evolutionary theory states that all organisms have developed from previous organisms and that all living things have a common ancestor in some initial form of primitive life. - It also states that all organisms are fundamentally similar because their basic chemistry was inherited from this very first organism. - Changes in the Physical Environment: * The Earth has continually changed since life first evolved. * Various changes in sea levels, the splitting of the continents and great changes in climate are just some of the environmental changes that life on Earth have had to cope with, or become extinct. * Changes in the environment force species to either die out, or survive and diversify. * An Example - The Peppered Moth: > Prior to the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th Century, the majority of the Peppered moths were light coloured. They survived better as they could camouflage against the white lichen on the trees. > Post-revolution, the pollution caused the trees to blacken with soot. The trees
Should people with diabetes 2 receive medical treatment?
Finn O Hurley Should people with Type 2 Diabetes receive expensive medical treatment? There are two types of diabetes type 1 and 2. Type 2 diabetes, the topic of this essay, is typically linked to diet. So before discussing whether people with type 2 diabetes should receive expensive medical treatment I will begin by discussing what is regarded as comprising a healthy diet. The Food Standards Agency in Britain recommends that people eat a certain proportion of foods from different food groups each day. The human body processes chemicals through different types of reaction and then distributes them around the body for use or storage. These chemicals can be divided into two broad groups: macronutrients that we need to eat often in quite large amounts, and micronutrients that are needed in smaller amounts. Three major macronutrients are essential to living organisms: proteins, fats and carbohydrates which I will discuss first.. Proteins are complex organic compounds and their basic structure is a chain of amino acids. Every cell in the human body contains protein and it is needed in the diet to help the body repair cells and make new ones through the process of mitosis. It is also vital for growth and development during childhood, adolescence, and pregnancy. Foods containing protein fall into two groups, complete or incomplete proteins. Complete proteins consist of
Should the cloning of humans be allowed?
Should human cloning be allowed? By Gabriella Azanu 10A Table of Contents Introduction 3 What is cloning? 3b Recombinant DNA Technology 3c Therapeutic Cloning 4b Reproductive Cloning 5a Arguments for Cloning 6 Infertility and Premature Death 7a No Risk of Genetic Disease 7b Cloning to Cure Disease? 8a Counter Arguments 8b Arguments against Cloning 9 Large Offspring Syndrome 9b Reliability of Cloning 9c Other Problems with Cloning 10a Genetic Diversity 11a Counter Arguments 11b Conclusion 12 Bibliography 14 Arguments against Cloning 16 Introduction Over the past recent years, the issue of cloning organisms has become one of the most debated subjects in science and the media. Cloning is a relatively new science which only really began with the experimental cloning of the 1950's. The first clone was created in 1952, when researchers created a cloned tadpole by transplanting the nucleus from a frog embryo into a frog's egg. However, this experiment wasn't actually meant to clone frogs but to investigate totipotent cells, cells which are able to develop into any cell type and is the foundation for multi-cellular (many celled) organisms 1. In spite of this, the scientific breakthrough came when Dolly the sheep became the first mammal to be cloned using adult cells from the udders of a female adult sheep.2 More recently, cloning has had
