The effects of disinfectants and antibacterial soap on bacterial growth
The effects of disinfectants and antibacterial soap on bacterial growth Abstract The effects of various disinfectants and one brand of antibacterial soap on bacterial growth were examined. Different cleaners containing either ethanol, sodium hypochlorite, or triclosan as a primary ingredient were added to culture tubes containing bouillon broth and bacteria taken from the classroom. Bacteria from each tube were regrown on agar plates to determine whether the disinfectant or soap, which had been added to the bacteria's rood source. was effective. Under the conditions of the experiment, all cleaners tested proved satisfactory in killing the bacteria found in the classroom. Introduction. Hospitals are supposed to be clean, right? All bacteria living on countertops and on other surfaces arc supposed to be killed with routine applications of potent cleaners to provide a sanitary environment for patients. But would it be possible for the disinfectants used in hospitals to be less effective than the manufacturing companies claim'? Our doubts were raised by a previous experiment that had been performed on different brands of soap, which had indicated that not all soaps were as effoctive as they claimed [1]. Clearly, our question was a pertinent one. At the very least, the patients and doctors might be concerned if going to the hospital meant being exposed to a whole range of
should cannabis be legal, YES & NO
Should Cannabis be Legalised? Yes... No... Legal Cannabis would promote responsible use and safe supply and would stop many people's futures being needlessly destroyed Legalisation would encourage use of cannabis and other drugs, creating more problems and increasing the profits of drug barons. * There are at least 21/2 million (perhaps 7 million) cannabis users in the UK. * More police are needed, with greater powers to stop this widespread flaunting of the law. * People convicted of drug offences have their future prospects massively hampered. * People who choose to break the law must accept that they will be severely punished for doing so. * Cannabis is often contaminated with inert or toxic components which cause more harm than the cannabis. A legal supply would be pure and therefore safer. * Pure cannabis still has dangers. * Prohibition alienates a huge number of youths. * Most parents disapprove of all drug use - legal or not. * Legalising does not mean glamorising - cannabis use should still be discouraged even if it were legal. * Legalisation could make cannabis socially acceptable, and so encourage use. * Countries which have experimented with decriminalisation have not encountered massive increases in use. * Legalisation could encourage use of cannabis, which in turn could encourage the use of more dangerous drugs such as ecstasy. * Minors can
In this experiment, mung bean seedlings and Brine shrimp eggs were used to study the effect of temperature on the rate of germination of seedlings and the rate of hatching of eggs.
Title : Investigation on the effect of temperature on the development of organisms Abstract : The purpose of carrying out this experiment is to investigate the effect of different temperature on the development of organisms. The effect of increasing temperature on the development of living organisms can be modeled in the laboratory by measuring the germination of plants seedlings and the hatching rate of living organisms. This experiment is to show the effect of rising temperature on the earth or in other words, global warming on the living organisms. It is also to show which temperature is the most suitable for living organisms to live in. Temperature plays an important role on the enzyme activity which in turn affects the whole organism. In different salinity, living organisms also will have a different rate of development. In this experiment, mung bean seedlings and Brine shrimp eggs were used to study the effect of temperature on the rate of germination of seedlings and the rate of hatching of eggs. Three different temperatures that is 20oC, room temperature of 25oC and 30oC were used to investigate the effect of temperature on the development of both mung bean seedlings and Brine shrimp eggs while 1% and 1.5% salt solution were used for the Brine shrimp eggs. The number of seeds germinated, length of the radicles and the number of leaves were measured to
Research question - Is using dogs for work ethical?
Dog behaviour CDA Introduction There are many ways that animals are connected to our lives. Some of us have them as pets, and even people who don't have a pet still have products (such as medicine) that have been tested on them. According to a website called 'The vegetarian site' very well known companies such as 'Max factor', 'Vaseline' & even 'Kleenex' have products that are animal tested. Some people protest that animal testing is not ethical because of the pain the animals have to endure for our benefit, but others argue that a lot of the medicine we have now wouldn't of existed if it hadn't of been so. A lot of argument has also gone into the concept of conditioning. We condition animals and even people without noticing we are doing it. Dogs are trained to sniff drugs in an airport and even children have a daily bed time that they are used to. So when J.B Watson sprung a debate about ethics when he conditioned Little Albert (who was just a baby at the time) to be afraid of rats and other things that looked similar, he had opened a controversy. Does there have to be pain to gain? Or will we ever find out if a dog thinks it is ethical for itself to be entered into a race? We were studying at school the behaviour and characteristics of animals that are similar to those of human beings alongside the ethics to support the current world debates & trends. This particular
Escherichia coli and antibiotic resistanceIntroduction:Escherichia coli, short E. coli is an important bacteria that are
Escherichia coli and antibiotic resistance Introduction: Escherichia coli, short E. coli is an important bacteria that are found in the lower part of intestines of warm blooded animals, including human. People's feces for a day usually contain about 100 million or 10 trillion individuals of E. coli. E. coli is a major component of a bacterial system that helps to digest food particles. E. coli also has commercial uses. For instance, is used as an organic indicator for the sewage treatment to indicate the level of the concentration of poop pollutions in the water. However, uncontrolled growth of E. coli bacteria or the allocation of E. coli to other parts of the human body can be dangerous or even fatal. E. coli is also used in many laboratory experiments because they are cheap to acquire and easy to culture. When people are referring to bacteria that are resistant against penicillin, for instance penicillin resistant E. coli, these people are referring specifically to the ability of this bacteria population to produce an enzyme called penincillinase. Penincillinase is a general term describing a wide variety of enzymes that are capable of deterring penicillin invasion. A common type of penincillinase is plasmid-mediated extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESbl) (bacteria can transfer genetic material through replication or plasmid). Plasmid-mediated means that the enzyme is
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that deals with the identification and naming of living organisms
Mr. Miller Biology 401A Biology Essay BEGÜM COGAL A species is a genetically distinct group of organisms, which can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offsprings. External similarity is the common basis for identifying individuals as being members of the same species. Yet a bulldog, a terrier, and a golden retriever are very different in appearance, but they are all dogs because they can interbreed. People can also interbreed with one another, and so can cats, but people cannot interbreed with dogs or cats, nor can these with each other. This shows that individuals of a species are able to interbreed with one another but not with members of other species. Even if they could interbreed with members of other species they would not be able to produce fertile offsprings. For example, when horses and donkeys mate, they produce mules. However, these mules are infertile. They are unable to breed at all and bear offsprings of their own. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that deals with the identification and naming of living organisms. The Swedish biologist, Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) established a simple system for classifying and naming organisms. He developed a hierarchy, or in other words a ranking system for classifying organisms, that is the basis for modern taxonomy. Linnaeu's classification hierarchy included five levels: kingdom, class, order, genus, and
Find out the relationship between the districution of bladders and the degree of exposure on the shore of bladder wrack seaweed
Find out the relationship between the distribution of bladders and the degree of exposure on the shore of bladderwrack seaweed Aim To find out the relationship between the distribution of bladders and the degree of exposure on the shore of bladderwrack seaweed. Background Knowledge A rocky shore consists of small ledges, pools of water and plentiful amounts of pebbles and rocks. Along the seashore we have these different zones: ? The Upper shore ? The Middle shore ? The Lower shore ? The Sub lateral Sea Fringe Each of these parts of the shore have different miniature habitats, different species growth, within these habitats we have what we call a community of hardy plants and animals, these react with the area around them thus making the Seashore Ecosystem. The sheltered shore would typically have more habitats and species growing and living within it, rocky shore species are needed to be able to survive the continual changes and cycles of the tides. Seashore life occurs in zones on the shore as mentioned before, according to how tolerant different species are of exposure to air and sunlight. Above the level of the highest tides is the splash zone, strongly affected by salt spray. The upper shore is not covered by every high tide, usually only those of spring tides. Very few species can tolerate the relatively dry conditions of the upper shore. Most seashore animals
The Issues of Pesticides.
Toby.N. The Issues of Pesticides Pesticides are chemicals that destroy pests, weeds and diseases. The yields of crops may be dramatically increased when pesticides are used. Pesticides can be split into categories that are specific to the type of organism they are used to control: * Insecticides, for the control of insects. * Herbicides, for the control of weeds. * Fungicides, for the control of fungi. Many Farmers use pesticides to encourage healthy crop growth, prevent weed growth and prevent damage by pests and disease. This boosts commercial value of the crop but may mean the crops are not as healthy to consumers because traces of the chemicals are left in the plants. The use of chemicals to protect crops is not a new idea. Three thousand years ago sulphur was used by the Greeks to kill pests, and the Chinese used arsenic in AD 900. (Food, Farming and the Environment, Damian Allen and Gareth Williams, 1997) There are obvious advantages to using pesticides. The most vital of these is the effect on global food production. Estimates of the pest problem on a worldwide scale suggest that, without insect pest, world food production could be increased by about a third. As this represents the loss without current control measures, it would clearly be catastrophic for mankind if control of insect pests were not attempted or should fail. (Pest Control and It's Ecology,
An investigation into the effect of different tooth cleaning agents containing different ingredients on the growth of teeth bacteria.
On account of the price and variety of tooth cleaning agents available on the market, an investigation was conducted into the effect of different tooth cleaning agents containing different ingredients on the growth of teeth bacteria. The tooth cleaning agents tested were Colgate total antibacterial toothpaste with Triclosan (3 pence/ml), Boots non fluoride toothpaste (less than a penny/ml), Dental care baking soda toothpaste (2 pence/ml) and a twig from a natural toothbrush tree Salvadora persica commonly known as 'Muswak' (30 pence for two weeks supply, toothbrush not required as twig carries out the function of a toothbrush). Gingivitis (inflammation to gingival tissue in the mouth) caused by excessive formation of plaque is not just a problem for children, it continues throughout life as long as natural teeth are in the mouth. The three most common bacteria that cause dental disease are Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus species, and Actinomyces species. According to an article titled 'super toothpaste' by W. F Lee (Prevention magazine, Dec 97, p67) it is said, 'Make room fluoride. A new toothpaste is coming and it promises to strike the kind of blow to gingivitis that made fluoride famous for fighting cavities. The key ingredient Triclosan is a common antimicrobial agent already in wide use in products such as antibacterial soap. Scientists think Triclosan may reduce
Deforestation and its effects
Summer 2002 Helen Douglas 12.4 Deforestation and its effects Deforestation is a huge issue and it is said to cause world wide problems, from global warming to the extinction of rare species that live in the forests. In this essay, I will be outlining the advantages and disadvantages of deforestation and its effects on the environment. There are many pros and cons concerning deforestation and usually the reasons against deforestation are the most clearly outlined in the public eye. There is a very good reason for continuing with deforestation. Some plant species contain chemicals that are unique and can only be found in the rainforests. Such substances can be used for medicines from reproductive hormones to life saving anti-leukaemia drugs. The issue of using plant species for medicinal purposes is a controversial one. One day the plant species will become extinct if they aren't replaced and due to their rarity, the likelihood of them being replaced is low. However, should we prioritise human survival over plant survival? In a forest that hasn't suffered any deforestation, there are many factors which make it a functional and healthy forest. Transpiration is able to take place, which releases the water content into the atmosphere. The trees intercept the precipitation, which in rainforests would be very harsh on the ground. The tree roots also allow extra support for
