To plan an experiment to investigate the effect of concentration on the initial rate of reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid.
AIM: To plan an experiment to investigate the effect of concentration on the initial rate of reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid. Carbonate + Acid --> Chemical Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid --> Calcium Chloride + Water + Carbon Dioxide CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) --> CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) reactants products Rate of reaction is how much reactant (i.e. marble chips) is converted to product per unit of time. We can't work out the rate of reaction from a chemical equation. Equations can only tell us how much product we can get. They don't say how quickly it is made. We can only find the rate by actually doing experiments. During a reaction we can measure how much reactant is used up in a certain time. On the other hand, we can also measure how much product is formed in a certain time. In order to investigate this I am going to do several experiments in which I vary the concentration of the Hydrochloric acid. Each experiment I do will last 2 minutes and I will take readings every 10 seconds. I shall use the data I collect to make graphs to enable me to compare and evaluate my data fully. I will then attempt to link my results with the statement that: as we increase the concentration, the rate of reaction increases. To do this I will make an educated evaluation using both the theory I have learnt in the
An Investigation to Explore Rates of Reaction
GCSE Chemistry Coursework An Investigation to Explore Rates of Reaction Daisy Roberts Background information: The rate of reaction is the rate of loss of a reactant or the rate of formation of a product during a chemical reaction. If the reactants take only a short time to change into the products, that reaction is a fast reaction and the speed or the rate of the reaction is high. If a reaction takes a long time to changing the reactants into the products, it is a slow reaction and the speed or rate of that reaction is slow. The minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur is called the activation energy. The kinetic theory: The kinetic theory of matter states that matter is made up of small particles that are constantly in motion. The higher the temperature the faster they move. In a solid, the particles are closer together and attract one and other strongly. In a liquid the particles are further apart with weaker forces of attraction, and in gases there is almost no force of attraction between particles. Each of these states have different factors that would increase a reaction. The collision theory: The collision theory states that particles have to collide hard enough with each other in order to react. The rate of reaction simply depends on how often and how hard the reacting particles collide with each other. Factors affecting the rate of reaction: According
How does Concentration Affect the Speed (Rate) of Reaction.
How does Concentration Affect the Speed (Rate) of Reaction Planning experimental procedures Introduction I am investigating into the speed of reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and hydrochloric acid and see how the different concentrations of the sodium solution will affect the rate of this reaction. The formula for this reaction is: Hydrochloric acid particles collide with sodium thiosulphate particles. The sodium and chloride atoms join to form sodium chloride, hydrogen from the hydrochloric acid is oxidised to form water and sulphur from the sulphate combines with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide with sulphur left as a precipitate. This sulphur is the yellowish substance that clouds the water, which we will be using as an indicator to stop the clock. I think chemical reactions are caused due to the collisions of particles of the reactants. When the particles have enough kinetic energy they collide forming products. The energy required to be able to burst through the barrier for a reaction to take place, is known as the activation energy. The rate/speed at which these particles collide depend on various factors. These are: - Surface area of the reactants - Concentration of the reactants - Temperature at which the reaction is being - Use of a catalyst carried out - Light Surface area The larger the surface area of the particles, the
An Investigation to Show How Temperature Affects the Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Claire Weston 11K Chemistry Coursework An Investigation to Show How Temperature Affects the Rate of a Chemical Reaction Background Information A chemical reaction is affected by certain factors that determine the speed and strength of the reaction. These factors are: ? The temperature at which the reaction occurs ? Whether or not a catalyst is present ? The surface area of the reactants (if one of the reactants is solid) ? The concentration of the reactants During a chemical reaction, collisions (impact) between molecules/atoms take place. These collisions cause the chemical bonds within the reactants that 'bind' the molecules together, to break and reform, in different combinations, which form the new molecules of the reaction. Anything that increases the speed/amount of particles (molecules) available will increase the amount of collisions occurring, and therefore speed up the reaction. Likewise, any factor that reduces the number of collisions will slow the reaction. Temperature Increasing the temperature speeds up the rate of a reaction due to the kinetic theory. Graph to Show the Rate of A Reaction Fraction of molecules having a given kinetic energy Activation Energy Kinetic energy In order to react the molecules must collide with a minimum kinetic (moving) energy this is called the activation energy, as shown on the graph. When you increase the
How Does The Concentration Of Sodium Thiosulphate Affect The Rate Of Reaction
How Does The Concentration Of Sodium Thiosulphate Affect The Rate Of Reaction? Aim: In this investigation I'm going to look at how the factors that affect the rate of reaction can alter the speed of a reaction. There are five factors which affect the rate of a reaction, according to the collision theory of reacting particles. These are: > Temperature. > Surface Area. > Introduction of a catalyst. > Pressure (in gases). > *Concentration (of solution). The factor that I will base my experiment around is the concentration. I will use this because it is the most practical to investigate, it would take longer to prepare a solid in powdered or solid form, and it is difficult to get accurate readings due to the unpredictable mistakes of human errors, and as gas is mostly coluorless it is difficult to gauge a reaction changing the pressure, and if a substance is added to give the gas color, it may influence the outcome of the experiment. Similarly the use of a catalyst complicates things, and if used incorrectly could alter the outcome of the experiment. (Explain this) The Collision Theory: * Molecules are found in constant random motion. * When two molecules collide they may interact. * Anything that increases the number of collisions increases the number of productive collisions. The main basis is that a chemical reaction will occur when two molecules collide together
Investigate how varying the concentration of Sodium thiosulphate solution affects the rate of reaction with Hydrochloric Acid.
Affect of Concentration I am going to investigate how varying the concentration of Sodium thiosulphate solution affects the rate of reaction with Hydrochloric Acid. The equation for the reaction is: Sodium thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid Sodium Chloride + Water + Sulphur + Sulphur dioxide Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + S(s) + SO2(aq) This reaction has a definite end (when the cross on the test tube 'disappears'). The faster the cross 'disappears' the faster the reaction and by timing how long this takes, we can establish the rate of reaction. I predict that the greater the concentration of Sodium thiosulphate solution in the experiment, the faster the chemical reaction will take place. Therefore, the cross will disappear more quickly due to the cloudiness of the solution, but only up to a certain temperature point. After this, the solution will not react within a reasonable time because the solution will begin to decompose. I think that the concentration of a solution affects the rate of reaction because the rate of reaction depends on how frequently the molecules of the reacting substances collide. A more concentrated substance has more molecules for a given volume than a more dilute substance. Because there are more molecules about, the frequency of successful collisions is greater,
Investigate how temperature affects the amount of time it takes for a reaction to happen?
Rate of Reaction Investigate how temperature affects the amount of time it takes for a reaction to happen? Preliminary work and research The most important rule and theory in this project is the collision theory. (The following information I learnt from my teacher.) "In order for a chemical reaction to occur, reactant particles must collide with sufficient energy to cause molecular rearrangement" This collision is called a 'fruitful collision' Any factor that affects the number of fruitful collisions will affect the rate of reaction. Temperature, concentration, surface area and catalysts all affect the rate of reaction between two chemicals. The factor I am concentrating on The factor I will be concentrating on in this investigation is temperature. If the temperature of a chemical is increased the particles have more energy so they move around faster and with more force. This means there will be more collisions per second and the energy of the collisions will be greater. This means that there will be more fruitful collisions per second. So: The hotter the substance: the more fruitful collisions there are: the faster the reaction takes place. Preliminary outline: There are limits as to how much preliminary work can be carried out in this investigation. I researched the subject carefully by reading books and looking on the internet but I also got an idea of how
The experiment which I carried out aimed to monitor the quantity of Copper (Cu) metal that deposited during the electrolysis of Copper Sulphate solution (CuSo4) using Copper electrodes, when certain variables were changed.
Chemistry Coursework Jovan Djordjevic Year 10 Electrolysis Experiment Variables: The experiment which I carried out aimed to monitor the quantity of Copper (Cu) metal that deposited during the electrolysis of Copper Sulphate solution (CuSo4) using Copper electrodes, when certain variables were changed. The following factors could affect the experiment: .) Time 2.) Current 3.) Temperature 4.) Size of the Electrodes 5.) Distance between the electrodes Procedure: Copper Sulphate solution (50cm3) was poured into a small beaker. The two copper electrodes were firstly cleaned using water. Then electrodes were weighed, their masses recorded and placed into the beaker containing the Copper Sulphate solution. The electrodes were connected to a battery set (cell) and ammeter. A current flowed (0.2 Amps) and the experiment was stopped at certain points (after each minute) to record the results. At the end of the experiment (when all the results were obtained) the current was switched off and both electrodes were removed from the solution. They were then washed with water. Once clean and dry both electrodes were both carefully weighed and we recorded their masses. Diagram: + - Cables Copper Anode Copper Cathode CuSO4 Solution List of
Treatment of Results
Treatment of Results Part 1 Obtaining a calibration plot Salicylic Acid Solution /cm3 Concentration /mol.dm-3 Absorbance A 0.0 0.000 0.002 B 0.5 0.048 0.301 C .0 0.096 0.487 D .5 0.144 0.715 E 2.0 0.192 0.923 F 2.5 0.240 .184 To calculate the above concentrations, it is required to use the volumes of salicylic acid as shown above, using the formula below: Concentration = weight of tablet specified on container x volume of salicylic acid solution volume of total solution total volume of standard solution Therefore the concentration for 0.5cm3 salicylic acid solution is: = 300 x 0.5 250 12.5 = 0.048 mol.dm-3 These steps are repeated to calculate the other concentrations, each time changing the volume of salicylic acid solution used. Calculating the least squares regression line xi yi xi-x (xi-x)2 yi-y (yi-y)2 (xi-x)(yi-y) 0.000 0.002 -0.12 0.0144 -0.60 0.3600 0.0720 2 0.048 0.301 -0.072 0.0052 -0.55 0.3069 0.0399 3 0.096 0.487 -0.024 0.0006 -0.12 0.0132 0.0028 4 0.144 0.715 0.024 0.0006 0.11 0.0128 0.0027 5 0.192 0.923 0.072 0.0052 0.32 0.1030 0.0231 6 0.240 .184 0.12 0.0144 0.58 0.3387 0.0698 0.72 3.612 0 0.0403 -0.25 .1347 0.2103 x = 0.72 = 0.12 6 y = 3.612 = 0.602 6 The equation for the least squares regression is in the algebraic form:
The aim of this investigation is to see how the concentration of sodium thiosulphate when added to hydrochloric acid affects the rate of the reaction.
Aim: The aim of this investigation is to see how the concentration of sodium thiosulphate when added to hydrochloric acid affects the rate of the reaction. The reaction that takes place is Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2Hcl(aq) S (s)+ 2NaCl (aq) + So2 + H2O Sodium + Hydrochloric Sulphur + Sodium + Sulphur Thiosulphate Acid Chloride Dioxide Theory: In this experiment when the hydrochloric acid is added to the sodium thiosulphate, each of the liquids particles will collide with each other and bonds will be broken. When the concentration is higher the rate of reaction will be quicker, this is because when the concentration is higher there will be more particles and therefore bonds will be broken quicker as there will be more collisions. The rate of reaction is the speed at which, in this case the two liquids, hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate react with each other. In this experiment we will measure the rate of reaction by placing a flask on top of a piece of paper with a black cross on it. Then we will add the two liquids to the flask and time the reaction until the black cross can no longer be seen. This happens because the reaction becomes murky and turns gradually opaque. There is a minimum amount of energy that particles need in order to collide with each
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