Investigate various ways of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction and evaluate which has the greatest effect.
Chemistry Investigation by Yasir Al-Wakeel Aim: Our aim is to investigate various ways of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction and evaluate which has the greatest effect. Planning: Introduction A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms from a certain substance react with those of another resulting in a product/s which has a changed molecular composition. A typical chemical reaction is of the form: A + B C + D in which A and B are the reactants and C and D are the products. Rate is commonly described as a measure of the change that happens in a single unit of time. The measure of rates is very important to the average person and is commonly used in everyday life. The table below illustrates some everyday rates of change (figures provided are approximations): Example Rate Travelling to school by car 40 miles per hour Travelling to school by foot 4 miles per hour Water coming out of upstairs tap 70cm3 per second Water coming out of downstairs tap 90cm3 per second Therefore if you were in a hurry to get to school you would be better off choosing the car if this option were available. Similarly if you were given a few minutes notice before your water was to be cut off you would be better off going downstairs to fill up containers for storage. Faster and slower
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Aim: To investigate factors which affect the rate at which an enzyme brakes down its substrate. Introduction Enzymes are types of proteins that exist in living organisms to catalyse reactions which break down the enzyme's substrate into its component parts. Enzymes do this by binding onto the substrate with the active site of the enzyme. This is the specific part of the enzyme designed to break down the substrate. The active site of the enzyme is specifically shaped to only accept one substrate meaning that only one (or very few) molecules can be broken down by any one type of enzyme. This can be illustrated by the lock and key analogy which was made popular by Emil Fischer in 1894. In this analogy the enzyme is a lock into which a key (substrate) fits. If the substrate is the wrong size or shape it will not fit into the lock and thus the lock will not open (the substrate will not be broken down). Below is a diagram explaining the lock and key analogy. In this project I have chosen to investigate the factors which affect the reaction rate of the enzyme catalase. I have chosen this enzyme as after researching several enzymes I discovered that this particular enzyme is very common, it is found in the peroxisomes of nearly all human cells and is particularly abundant in mammalian livers. Catalase is also found in vegetables such as potatoes.
To investigate the rate of reaction between different concentrations of hydrochloric acid with metal carbonates using calcium carbonate as an example.
To investigate the rate of reaction between different concentrations of hydrochloric acid with metal carbonates using calcium carbonate as an example. Aim We are going to investigate how concentration affects the rate of reaction; we will be reacting calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with hydrochloric acid (HCl). We will make this a fair test by keeping all the variables the same except the one we are investigating. The products of the reaction between the two are water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The equation for this reaction is: Calcium + Hydrochloric › Calcium + Carbon + Water Carbonate Acid Chloride Dioxide Solution CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) › CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) To measure the rate of the experiment, I could measure the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by the experiment at timed intervals (gas syringe experiment), or the decreasing mass of the reactants (mass reduction experiment). Alternatively, I could, measure the time to which the reactants react completely. The size of the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) available is either in granules (at an average) of ˜ 0.5 cm measured lengthways (weight ˜ 0.4-0.7 gm) or in powdered form. The highest concentration of acid available for use in the experiment is 2 mol dm-3. Variables Many different variables can affect the rate of reaction, below is a list
The aim of this experiment is to answer the following question: What is the effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant for the hydrolysis of an ester?
Scott Mabbutt Individual Investigation Aim: The aim of this experiment is to answer the following question: What is the effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant for the hydrolysis of an ester? The reaction I aim to investigate is a reversible reaction where an ester (an organic compound with RCOOR group) is produced and. Esters are generally insoluble in water but are soluble in other solvents. Esters are formed in an esterification reaction where and carboxylic acid (RCOOH group) and an alcohol (ROH), react to form an ester. Below is the esterification reaction/ester hydrolysis reaction. Alcohol + Carboxylic acid Ester + Water The Equipment and apparatus I will be using in my investigation are as follows: * Safety Goggles * Test Tube x 5 * Test tube stoppers x 5 * Water Bath with thermostatic control * Test tube holder (suitable for use in water baths) * Burette * Clamp stand with clamp fixings * Safety Mat * Funnel * 250ml Beaker * 250ml Conical Flask * 10ml Measuring cylinder * Thermometer * White tile Safety goggles will be worn so that the risk of chemicals coming into contact with the eyes is lessened (see risk assessment). Test tubes are being used as the environment for the reaction to take place, they are glass so can be monitored and can be easily stored in a test tube holder in the water
Investigating the Effects of Increasing Copper Sulphate Solution Concentrations on the Germination of Cress Seeds
Investigating the Effects of Increasing Copper Sulphate Solution Concentrations on the Germination of Cress Seeds Hypothesis: I think that as the copper concentrations in the solution rise above natural levels (0.06mg/l), then the seeds will suffer from copper toxic levels, and germination will be stopped. Factors affecting the investigation: * Light availability * Micronutrients availability: copper, zinc, boron, chlorine * Macronutrients availability: nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium * Water availability * Temperature * Oxygen availability * Enough time for germination to occur * Enough space for the seeds to germinate Method: Equipment needed (for doing experiment once): * 500ml of copper sulphate stock solution of 60mg/dm-3 * 500ml of pure distilled water * Micropipette * 7 Large Beakers * Stirring rod * 168 clean plant pots, diameter 20cm (7x24) * Cling Film * Filter paper, diameter 20cm * 2520 cress seeds (168x15) * Ruler with millimetre measurements * Glass screen * Needle * Gloves * Digital Thermometer * Magnifying glass Method For Changing Independent Variable: I will change the independent variable, copper concentration, by using a stock solution of 60mg/l. With this stock solution I will use ten fold serial dilutions to make 5 new concentrations of copper sulphate and then I will make a solution of
The Rates of Reaction of Metals with Acid.
"A" Level Chemistry (Nuffield) IN1: The Rates of Reaction of Metals with Acid Student Number 5122 By Anthony Parker Introduction I plan to study and experiment on two different aspects of chemical kinetics. These include. * Activation energy. Activation energy is the amount of energy; it takes for a known substance to collide (collision theory) with another and react to form product(s). * Order of reaction. By the meaning of 'order of reaction', we mean what the rate of the reaction is. We study this because there are several factors that can affect the rate of a reaction. These include concentration/pressure, temperature or the presence of a catalyst. * What is an acid? The definition of a strong acid is an acid that almost fully ionises (donates its proton/hydrogen atom) in water, a weak acid is an acid that only partially ionises (donates its proton/hydrogen atom) in water. Activation Energy. Reactions can only happen when the reactants particles collide, but most collisions are not successful in forming product molecules. The reactant molecules must collide with enough energy to break the original bonds so that new bonds in the product molecules can be formed. At a particular temperature the energy of each individual molecule are distributed according to the Boltzmann's distribution. There would then, theoretically, be a set number of molecules with
Rate of reaction of hydrochloric acid and mangesium ribbon.
Rate of rate of hydrochloric acid and mangesium ribbon Introduction In the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon, the hydrochloric acid will dissolve the magnesium and produce hydrogen gas. All chemical reactions involve reactants which when mixed may cause a chemical reaction which will make products. In my case the reactants are hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon. The chemical reaction takes place when the magnesium ribbon is dropped into the hydrochloric acid. The products that are formed during this reaction are hydrogen gas and magnesium chloride. The formula equation for this experiment is: Mg + 2HCl (r) MgCl2 + H2 Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid (r) Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen ( s ) ( aq ) ( aq ) ( g ) Magnesium will react with hydrochloric acid, because it is higher in the reactivity series that hydrogen. When the two chemicals react a displacement reaction will take place and the magnesium will displace the hydrogen in the hydrochloric acid forming magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas. Reactivity Series K (potassium) Na (sodium Li (lithium) all to dangerous to react with a strong acid Ba (barium) Ca (Calcium) .. Mg (magnesium) - Al (aluminium) manageable metals Zn (zinc) these metals will react with hydrochloric acid as they Fe (iron) they are higher in the reactivity series than hydrogen Sn (tin) and so a displacement reaction
Investigate how concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCL) affects its reaction with calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Chemistry Coursework - Rate of Reaction Investigation Planning Aim Background Information Collision Theory For particles to react, two things must happen: ) The particles must collide with each other. 2) The particles must collide with enough energy. This initial energy is known as activation energy, and it's needed to break the initial bonds If the collision has enough energy the reaction will take place and by products will be formed. If the collision does not have enough energy no reaction will take place, instead the particles will just bounce away from each other. The rate of reaction depends on how many successful collisions there are in a given amount of time. Factors that affect the rate of reaction: There are four factors that can affect the rate of reaction: ) Temperature If you increase the temperature, the rate of reaction will increase. This is because at low temperatures the particles don't have as much energy, but when they are heated they take in energy which makes them move faster and collide more often. This means the collisions also have more energy, which makes more of the collisions successful. This is why as you increase the temperature the rate of reaction increases. 2) Concentration The rate of reaction increases with concentration because when the acid is more concentrated, there are more acid particles in a given volume. This means
Experiment to Investigate the Rate of Reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulphate, with Varied Concentrations.
Experiment to Investigate the Rate of Reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulphate, with Varied Concentrations PLAN Introduction: We have been asked to produce a piece of coursework that investigates the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate. The rate of reaction is "the rate of loss of a reactant or the rate of formation of a product during a chemical reaction" (essaybank.co.uk). The rate of reaction is measured "by dividing 1 by the time taken for the reaction to occur", (1/time taken). As the hydrochloric acid (HCl) particles are reacting with the sodium thiosulphate (Na2S203) particles they will obviously go through a chemical reaction which will produce an insoluble precipitate. This will be a yellow precipitate of sulphur. The chemical equation for this reaction is: HCl + sodium thiosulphate sodium chloride + sulphur dioxide + sulphur + water. 2HCl (aq) + Na2S2O3 (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + SO2 (g) + S (s) + H2O (l) For any reaction to occur, the collision theory also occurs. This is where the reactant molecules, of the reaction, collide with each other, to form a product. For example in the diagram below, the reactants 'A' and 'B, when they collide with sufficient energy, they produce product 'C'. There are many physical, chemical and biological factors that can affect the rate of a
In this report the effects of fire and explosion are examined based on quantitative analysis using calorimetric methods.
Explosion and Fire Name: Andrew Holmes Student Number: 2103086 Course: BSc Forensic Science Year: 2 Unit: Fire and Explosion Date: 17/04/03 Summary In this report the effects of fire and explosion are examined based on quantitative analysis using calorimetric methods. The report focuses on a series of four tests using calorimetric instruments to obtain measurements, which are examined in a quantitative fashion. These tests are: the oxygen index test, the bomb calorimeter, the flash point test, and the flame stability test. The oxygen index for the various materials, calculated from the experimental results were found to be 16.67, 27.77 and 26.6 for Calico Med, Polyester and wool mix respectively. The flash points determined from the experimentation were, 99.5 oC, 72.0 oC and 70.5 oC for Cyclohexanone 99%, 4-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2-Pentanon 99% and an unknown hydrocarbon respectively. The maximum flame speed for a natural gas-air flame in a horizontal tube was calculated to be 0.68ms-1, at a stiociometric ratio of 10:1, from the flame stability calculations. After calculations using data obtained from the bomb calorimter, the enthalpy of combustion for Perspex was determined to be 16.55 Kj.kg-1. .0 Introduction A fire is the results of a number of reactions between a combustible material (fuel) and oxygen, which may be from a variety of sources, most
