Briefly outline the principles of five methods of protein purification.
Briefly outline the principles of five methods of protein purification. Techniques of protein purification have improved greatly over the last generation. This in turn has aided our understanding of proteins and their structure and function because our better protein samples have resulted in the ability to perform more conclusive experiments. Usually protein extraction and purification is only the start of perhaps determination of the protein's structure by crystallography which could lead on to designing effective inhibitors for medical purposes. Therefore purification is often an essential factor in the success of an experiment. If you want to actually obtain a sample of protein, there are several techniques that can be used. However some are clearly better for just detection of the protein's presence and it is less easy to get a sample from the results of the assay. Paper chromatography is a good example of this as ninhydrin spray and other stains can be used to detect the existence of the amino acids or peptides but it is very difficult to extract the results from the paper without an aggressive elution. Also immunoaffinity assays can be very sensitive since they rely on antibodies recognising and binding to the proteins that you are trying to detect but it is difficult to elute those proteins because they are held so tightly. The first method of purification that I
Chron's Disease
Crohn's Disease Digestive System Caroline Makin BIO 202 November 19, 2009 I chose to write a research paper on Crohn's Disease because my grandmother has suffered with it for the past 30 years. My grandmother is very old fashioned and doesn't like to talk about private matters with her children. Therefore, all I really know about the disease is that it affects the digestive system. Upon completion of my research, I hope to be more knowledgeable on the disease. Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestines. It primarily causes ulceration's in the small and large intestines, but can affect the digestive system anywhere between the mouth and the anus. It is named after the physician who examined the disease in a landmark paper written in 1932. It is also called Morbus Crohn's, Granulomatous enteritis, Regional enteritis, or Terminal ileitis. The disease is found in equal frequency in men and women, and usually effects young patients in their teens or early twenties. Once the disease begins, it tends to be a chronic, recurrent condition with periods of remission and disease exacerbation. The disease tends to be more common in relatives of patients with Crohn's disease. What are the symptoms of Crohn's Disease? The terminal ileum is commonly involved in Crohn's disease. Since the terminal ileum is located adjacent the appendix, right-sided abdominal
How To Identify an Unknown Organic Compound
HOW TO IDENTIFY AN UNKNOWN ORGANIC COMPOUND Firstly, you will need identify the functional group of the compound present. The standard state of the sample will narrow down the choice of what type of compound it is. In this case, as it is in a liquid state, it must be one of: an alcohol, ester, ketone, aldehyde, carboxylic acid or phenol. An alcohol can be determined by use of Lucas reagent. An ester by use of Bradys reagent. A ketone or aldehyde by use of 2,4-dinitrophelyhydrazine. If a positive result (orange precipitate), the compund can be oxidised by use of a suitable oxidising reagent such as acidified dichromate ion (VI) if it is a ketone, it will not be oxidised if it is an aldehyde (orange to green indicates oxidation has taken place). A carboxylic acid will react with 10% sodium carbonate vigorously by effervescence. Phenol will form a white precipitate when added to a solution of bromine water. Alternatively, the compound can be determined by analysis of its spectrum from laboratory equipment. This consists of gathering the following information: boiling point (if a liquid unknown), melting point (if a solid unknown), IR spectrum, mass spectrum, PMR spectrum, decoupled CMR spectrum (optional). When analyzing the IR spectrum, remember that the absence of a band is just as informative as the presence of a band. For example, if OH band is absent, you can eliminate
Genetics Report on Laboratory Grown Sperm
Anthony Mullin University of Derby Chemical Biology Yr 1 UG Student Genetics 4BY014 Laboratory Grown Sperm A Peer Group Licensing Debate Laboratory Grown Sperm A Peer Group Licensing Application Debate Introduction Whenever publicised the term 'genetics' evokes a plethora of mixed emotions with varying intensity; so much so that the author of any such statements must ensure that the information is delivered in detail with pinpoint precision with a substantial history of evidence. Failure to deliver the necessary criteria may potentially risk a joint peer and public backlash, to which any credible recovery could prove to be problematic. On July 7th 2009, an article was published in Stem Cells and Development entitled "In Vitro Derivation of Human Sperm from Embryonic Stem Cells" (liebertonline.com). The article in question detailed the in vitro development of a functional male gamete, synthesized entirely from embryonic stem cells and 'encouraged' to develop using a retinoic acid culture (liebertonline.com). Following this the article then appeared in various formats in the tabloid press from July 8th 2009. The UK based researcher, Professor Karim Neyernia stated he is "convinced they would be capable of fertilising eggs and creating babies" (Daily Mail, 2009). Today, in response to a recently published article, a peer driven think tank convened to consider the
Outline DNA nucleotide structure in terms of sugar (deoxyribose), base and phosphate.
IB Biology SL III Ryan Martucci Topic 2: The Chemistry of Life 2-10-03 8th period Sub-topic: 2.4 DNA Structure 2.4.1 2 Outline DNA nucleotide structure in terms of sugar (deoxyribose), base and phosphate. Genetic information is stored by nucleic acid. There are two kinds of nucleic acids: deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) and ribose nucleic acid (RNA). For the majority of organisms genetic information is stored in DNA in the nucleus and RNA are found in the cytoplasm. (Some viruses and prokaryotes store genetic information in RNA.) Nucleotides are complex molecules consisting of three molecules linked together: 1. a ribose pinto sugar, 2. a phosphate group, 3. a nitrogen bade. The sugar can be two possible sugars: 1. Ribose gives RNA with the molecular formula, C5H10O5, 2. Deoxyribose gives DNA with the molecular formula C5H10O4. The phosphate's molecular formula is H3PO4. Building a nucleotide: The nucleotide is usually represented as follows. Topic 2: The Chemistry of Life Sub-topic: 2.4 DNA Structure Page: 2 Since the reactions involves are condensation reactions, the equation becomes phosphate + sugar + organic base = nucleotide + two waters. 2.4.2 1 State the names of the four bases of DNA. The organic bases can be one of the five different bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil.
therapeutic cloning
7791159173Therapeutic Cloning Introduction The aim of this essay is to put opinions forward to determine whether therapeutic cloning will ever be used as a therapy by your GP. I will include social and scientific views on this subject to take in account the various aspects of different people's views. I will also discuss and explain the process of therapeutic cloning, showing scientific understanding of the subject. Main body Therapeutic cloning, also known as biomedical cloning, this procedure in the initial stages are similar to adult DNA cloning. The difference being that the stem cells will be removed from the pre-embryo, the reason for this is that it will be used to produce tissues or whole organs for a transplant back into the person who supplied the DNA. During the process, the pre-embryo dies. The reason for using therapeutic cloning is so that people can produce a healthier and more efficient copy of a sick person's tissue or organ for a transplant. The new tissue or organ would have the sick person's original DNA; the patient would not need to have immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their life, these drugs are normally used to help the patients after the transplant. Also there will be no danger of organ rejection. The process of therapeutic cloning begins when an individual requires a new tissue or organ; a cell is then extracted from the patient. A
Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
LAB REPORT Name-Surname:Pelin Yilmaz Student ID:1370790 Date of experiment:13-10-2003 Submitted to: Hatice Özel Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) Purpose This technique is used for observation of proteins. It separates the molecules on the basis of their molecular charge. It can be used to examine the purity of proteins. For example we are trying to isolate some specific protein from a cell. After some processes we can find out if we have obtained the protein or not by SDS PAGE technique. Also it can be used to determine the molecular weight of proteins. The logarithm of the molecular weight of a protein is inversely proportional to its distance from the well. By simply drawing a graph by the values and writing an equation, molecular weight of every protein can be calculated from its distance to the well. Observations Calculations Molecular weight Log of Molecular Weight Distance Lactalbumin 4.2 ,1522883443830 5,40 Carbonic anhydrase 29 ,4623979978990 3,70 Albumin egg 45 ,6532125137750 2,80 Bovine albumin 66 ,8195439355420 ,80 The distance of purified protein=3.9 cm Molecular weight of purified protein= -0.1872*3.9 + 2.1632 = 1.43312 Antilog of 1.43312= 101.43312 = 27.11kDa Results and Discussion Polyacrylamide gel: This gel is used as a supporting medium. It is the composition of two
How has molecular evidence altered our views on human / ape relationships?
How has molecular evidence altered our views on human/ape relationships? The two major issues in investigating human/ape relationships, are the nature of the relationships between humans and great apes, and the timing of their divergence. Various molecular techniques can be used in order to try and establish molecular clocks, which rely on the regularity of change over time. Allthough the accuracy of such molecular clocks is questionable, the culmination of evidence from many different techniques and areas of research, enable us to piece together probable relationships and timescales, as well as enabling us to rule out previous suggestions which have been made in error. One form of molecular evidence of our ancestry is provided by immunological studies. An organism's immune system protects its body against invasion by foreign material, such as protein, as it may cause harm to the organism. The body responds to these foreign substances (antigens) by producing anti-bodies. These anti-bodies react against the antigen to either destroy or neutralise it. Each anti-body is specific to the invading antigen. The serum of blood contains proteins, such as albumin, but no clotting factor, therefore proteins from one animal are foreign to an animal of a different species. Such proteins therefore act as antigens in the other animal's body, and that animal produces antibodies to try
Cell-cycle regulation is mediated by reversible phosphorylation events - Discuss.
Oliver Heath Corpus Christi College Cell cycle tutorial 1: Essay: Cell-cycle regulation is mediated by reversible phosphorylation events. Discuss. A cell reproduces by performing an orderly sequence of events in which it duplicates its contents and then divides in two. This cycle of duplication and division, known as cell cycle, is the essential mechanism by which all living cells reproduce. Eucaryotic cells have evolved a complex network of regulatory proteins known as the cell-cycle control system that governs progression through the cell-cycle. The core of this system is an ordered series of biochemical switches that control the main events of the cycle, including DNA replication and the segregation of the replicated chromosomes. A lot of these switches are involved in performing reversible phosphorylation events responsible for mediating cell-cycle regulation. The eucaryotic cell-cycle is divided into four sequential phases: G1, S, G2 and M. G1, S and G2 together are called interphase. Cells are released from mitosis into G1 phase, during which there is no DNA replication. The initiation of DNA replication marks the transition from the G1 phase to the period of S phase. The latter lasts until all of the DNA has been replicated. The G2 phase is the period of time that separates the S and M phases
Sequencing the Human Genome
Sequencing the Human Genome What is the Human Genome? Every living organism is produced from DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) contained within the nucleus of their cells. DNA is primarily two strands of corresponding base/nucleotide pairs, consisting of Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine, arranged in a double helix linked by hydrogen bonds. The human genome is the 'order' in which these base pairs are arranged in humans which would allow certain amino acids, polypeptides and proteins to be formed by the process of translation of mRNA (formed by transcription). What is the Human Genome Project? The Human Genome Project was established in 1990, when public funding was agreed for the purpose of determining the human genome in terms of the order of the base pairs. Its original target completion date was 2005, but advancing technologies have allowed this to be brought forward to 2003. In June 2000, the first ever rough map of the human genome was completed, but not by the publicly-funded Humane Genome Project; instead by an independently run private research institute named 'Celera Genomics', which went on the complete the entire human genome in 2001 with the aid of genetic pioneer Frederick Sanger. Beginning the Human Genome Project Imagine that the human genome, which consists of over 3 billion nucleotide pairs, is the earth. In order to produce a map of its surface, it is
