Witchcraft. In this essay I am going to look at two types of witchcraft and attempt to compare them. I have chosen witchcraft amongst the Azande and witchcraft in medieval Europe.
Compare and contrast examples and principles of witchcraft from either two different societies, or two different time periods, to point out what has changed and what has stayed the same. In this essay I am going to look at two types of witchcraft and attempt to compare them. I have chosen witchcraft amongst the Azande and witchcraft in medieval England. Evans-pritchard found that the Azande have an profound interest in the discussion of witchcraft as a topic of conversation, compared to articulation about God (Mbori). Although witches conceived by the Azande do not exist, a natural theory is found in witchcraft. This provides an explanation for hapless events and a way to respond to such events. Witchcraft plays a daily part in zande life. It is everywhere from domestic life of the home to the labour of hunting and fishing. In medieval England there was not the same frequency of witchcraft as that which occurs daily in the Azande. Witchcraft was becoming very popular in the fourteenth century and came to it's high during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The English too were intrigued by witchcraft however in medieval England and later periods, witchcraft was against the law and was seen as an offence against God and Man. Witchcraft involved the renunciation of God. The witch would make a pact with the devil and this is how she gained her powers. Keith Thomas
Early medival europe
Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000 In the fifth century the Roman Empire broke down. Europe was politically fragmented, with Germanic kings ruling a number of different kingdoms. Western Europe continued to suffer invasions as Muslim Arabs and Berbers took the Iberian Peninsula and pushed into France. Vikings attacked England, France, and Spain in the late eighth and ninth centuries. Vikings also settled Iceland and Normandy, from which the Norman William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066. The fall of the Roman Empire was accompanied by an economic transformation that included de-urbanization and a decline in trade. Without the domination of Rome and its "Great Tradition," regional elites became more self-sufficient and local "small traditions" flourished. Self-sufficient farming estates called manors were the primary centers of agricultural production. Manors grew from the need for self-sufficiency and self-defense. During the early medieval period a class of nobles emerged and developed into mounted knights. Feudalism was developed. Feudalism is a medieval social system: the legal and social system that existed in medieval Europe, in which vassals held land from lords in exchange for military service. Feudalism was divided into 3 sections Serf, fief and vassal - Serf - in medieval Europe an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform
causes of third world debt
Q.7) Discuss the causes of Third World debt, and evaluate the success of the solutions offered. name In this essay I will highlight my understanding to the Third World debt. The call for debt repudiation for least developed countries have echoed the sentiments of various sectors. Popular politicians, celebrities, the church and ordinary people all agreed that debt cancellation for the poorest countries in the world is justified. But are they right in that assumption? While it is true that countries with wealthier economies extended the credit line to these southern countries, how the money was spent in the respective third world countries was beyond their jurisdiction. Whatever the proponents of debt repudiation would say regarding the culpability of these lenders, it should be recognized that structurally, the lending systems at that time were also deficient. When the Mexican government in 1982 declared that it would default on its obligations, it started the ball rolling for a global debt crisis to occur. Other countries followed suit like Argentina and Brazil. Creditors were up in arms and calling for sanctions for the recalcitrant countries. Aside from debt relief or reduction, defaulting is one way of resolving the burgeoning problem of external debt. When these countries announced that they were no longer interested in paying their external debts that had grown into
viking saga
What is the value of The Saga of the People of Laxardal as a source for the historian on feud in Viking Iceland? Even readers who know very little of Old Norse literature will mostly have heard of the Icelandic sagas. The most celebrated is the so-called 'family sagas'. These such sagas constitute a literary genre unique to Iceland and they all have one common denominator: fictional or historical, fantastical or naturalistic, native or translated, religious or secular, they are all continuous prose narratives about the past. For this reason they are a valuable historical source to the historian as they allow a glimpse at the cultural and social history of Iceland at the time. Although sometimes it is hard to distinguish between a fictional narrative and a historical account, they are key to our understanding of how Viking society functioned and progressed, as saga authors relate in a naturalistic, even matter-of-fact way, the day-to-day life of these ninth, tenth and eleventh century Icelanders. The past in which the sagas are set is the first few decades after Christianity, around 1030. During this brief period, Iceland established itself as a nation, and its settlers set up a strong and workable parliamentary and legal system. Iceland functioned as an imperfect but extraordinary precocious democracy, with elected judges and legislators. Essentially, Iceland was a scattered
What common features can be discerned in the careers of Tanchelm, Henry of Le Mans, Peter of Bruys and Arnold of Brescia.
TWELFTH CENTURY HERESY AND RELIGIOUS DISSENT What common features can be discerned in the careers of Tanchelm, Henry of Le Mans, Peter of Bruys and Arnold of Brescia. The 12th century is characterised by an "evangelical awakening," stimulated by the Gregorian assault on ecclesiastical corruption.1 These reforms, however, were not wholly implemented, and when they were it was often inadequate. Wandering lay preachers were a consequence of the Gregorian attempt at Church reform.2 Often orthodox many, however, not only criticised clerical morals, but also the sacraments, doctrine, and the authority of the church.3 Tanchelm4, Peter of Bruys, Henry Le Mans and Arnold of Brescia are significant examples of such individuals who felt the church did not meet their needs for religious life and leadership:5 "...one great stimuli of popular dissent... [was] the failure of the church to meet the high expectations of moral renewal which were aroused by Gregorian reformers."6 Peter of Bruys is a shadowy figure and little is known about his origins. 7 It is believed, however, he was a parish priest to the village of Bruys in the French Alps.8 From c.1112 Peter is expelled from his benefice to become a wandering preacher in the Alpine foot hills, criticising the church.9 After 20 years Peter emerges from the mountains to preach in south west France,10 and at some point he forms an
‘Zapatismo was more of a reactionary than a revolutionary movement.’ Discuss in the context of the Mexican Revolution up to 1920
'Zapatismo was more of a reactionary than a revolutionary movement.' Discuss in the context of the Mexican Revolution up to 1920 Emiliano Zapata, an almost pure-blooded Tlahuican, was born in Morelos at a time when caudillismo politics were giving way to predominantly liberal systems in Latin America. He was by no means rich but his birth-right of a share in a small rancho made him considerably better off than many of his neighbours whose own livelihood was rid of nearly all its independence when the ejidos, common-land which had been 'granted' to the natives by the conquistadores some 300 years earlier and which were used as pasture by the peones, were 'de-nationalised' under the Ley Lerdo of 1856 and sold-off, mainly to wealthy hacendados. This law was conceived of mainly as an attack on the church but also served as an assertion of liberal non-state-interventionism and an attack on privilege. That it won many hacendados over to the liberal cause by 'freeing-up' previously unavailable arable land was a bonus for the incumbent regime. That it disinherited the Indians and weakened the role of the military was met with approval by cientificos who saw them as obstacles to progress. That it would, half a century later, be the catalyst that would mobilise millions of Mexicans to more than a decade of violent struggle could not have been
Laicism In Media.
LAICISM IN MEDIA Religion is generally defined in many sources as any specific system of belief about deity, often-involving rituals, a code of ethics, and a philosophy of life. In addition to this, Don Swenson defines religion in terms of the sacred: "Religion is the individual and social experience of the sacred that is manifested in mythologies, ritual, ethos, and integrated into a collective or organization" (Swenson, D. 1999). Therefore, religions have had huge effects on people in many areas like their cultures, life styles, etc. in all eras of history. With the formation of communication, interaction among people, cultures and also religions are accelerated, so people have tried to spread their ideas and beliefs with the help of communication in different forms such as mass media. However, people have used the mass media except for its real purpose for propaganda of religions or in contrast they used the religions as an object for mass media. Therefore, there are two kind of relationship between religion and media from the past up till now; pressure of religion on media and effects of media on religion. The first relationship between religion and media is the negative effects and pressure of religion on media that restricted the freedom of ideas. It can be seen many examples that support this thesis in history and today. In Medieval Europe is one of the best-known
What is a revolution?
What is a revolution? For the past week or so this question has really been catching my interest. At first, I was under the impression that a revolution required a bloody overthrow, in the sense of a coup that would undoubtedly result in the formation of a new leadership. Today, I am not entirely sure that this restrictive definition is appropriate and therefore I must change my opinion to meet the growing changes of our society. In Eisenstadt's, Frameworks of the Great Revolutions, he writes, "revolutions first and foremost symbolize radical change in the political regime far beyond the deposition of rulers or even the replacement of ruling groups.1" If one were to base the validity of this argument upon my original definition of a revolution they would find his overall beliefs to be quite similar. On the other hand if popular societal examples were examined, such as the Industrial Revolution or the Sexual Revolution where there was no such upheaval of leadership or power, this notion of revolution would be inappropriate. In Touraine's book, Social Transformations of the Twentieth Century he writes, "When the twentieth century closed, the challenges and problems of the time were social, dealing with questions of work, production, social classing and social rights.2" He goes on to voice that in present day, our society is more afflicted by the results of these
"What were the major differences between French and Italian secular music in the mid fourteenth century and how did the two traditions draw closer towards the end of the century?"
Zoë McKellar 9806752 History of Music Period One Assignment One Dr. W. Edwards "What were the major differences between French and Italian secular music in the mid fourteenth century and how did the two traditions draw closer towards the end of the century?" November 2000 "What were the major differences between French and Italian secular music in the mid fourteenth century, and how did the two traditions draw closer towards the end of the century?" During the fourteenth century three types of music dominated compositions in France and again in Italy. Like any two different countries both had their particular style, and these influenced the other. There were major differences between French and Italian secular music during the mid fourteenth century, and it shall be investigated whether or not and how these drew closer towards the end of the century. One example of French secular music is the Lay, which was typically based on a one-line melody, although Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377) introduced the idea of polyphony into four of his Lays. This however is not representative of the norm. They were basically irregularly shaped, and the rhythmic technique was emblematic of the six rhythmic modes. They were very simple, rhythmically, and consisted mainly of longs and breves. The unbalanced form of Lays depicts the Lay principle of musical change, and they tend to be
China's political, social and economic problems
Q. what are the domestic and external economic foundations upon which China is building its success, what economic, social, and political problems has this process of structural adjustment encountered, and how has the government tried to overcome them? Name In this essay I will argue about the domestic and external economic foundations upon which China is building its success. The People's Republic of China has one of the fastest growing economies in the world. China's huge and consistent economic growth reflects the success of China's economic reforms. Economic growth of China since the early 80s is remarkable. "Real GDP per capita grew by 8% to 9.5% annual growth in the 1978-1995 and 1989-98 periods respectively"(1). Whereas the major economic reforms in the 1980s concentrated on the introduction of market mechanisms, key reforms since 1993 focused on economic efficiency and sustainable growth. The aim of the essay is to find out firstly the theory of the domestic and external economic foundations. Secondly, what economic, social, and political problems have this process of structural adjustment encountered, and finally my argument and how has the government tried to overcome them? However, China had experienced high inflation and external deficits in the late 1980s which raised questions about the viability of Chinese government's ambitions to sustain strong growth.
