Code model and the inferential model
Code model and the inferential model There are 2 different models of linguistic communication, the classic model, the code-model and the inferential model. Code model: The communicator encodes the message, by a signal, that the hearer than decodes. Sentences are just complex signals that encode messages. signals code messages The speaker selects the message and transmits the corresponding signal, which is received and decoded at the other end, when all goes well, the result of the reproduction in the receiver of the original message. On this approach, the communication is guaranteed as long as both individuals are functioning correctly, each has an identical copy of the code, and the signal is not destroyed. The code model exists in the nature, it is correct for animal communication. e.g.: bee dance, which used to indicate the direction and distance of nectar. Q: But how do human communicate? Example: Mary is angry with Peter and she doesn't want to talk to him. When he tries to engage her in conversation, she might: . stare ostentatiously at the ceiling. 2. open a newspaper and start to read it. 3. look angrily at Peter and clamp her mouth shut. 4. look angrily at Peter, put a finger to her lips and whisper `Shh`. 5. say `I m deaf and dumb`. 6. say `I won't talk to you`. * What do Mary's actions communicate to Peter? * Which, if any, of Mary's actions
In Anahulu, Sahlins argues that the Hawaiian people were not passive victims of their own history but rather the authors and that they played a significant role in the collapse of the ancient system of an all-powerful divine monarchy.
In Anahulu, Sahlins argues that the Hawaiian people were not passive victims of their own history but rather the authors and that they played a significant role in the collapse of the ancient system of an all-powerful divine monarchy. He emphasises that Hawaii did not simply capitulate and disregard their outlook on the universe when faced with the all-powerful western civilization. Rather Sahlins claims that the islands' ruling powers accommodated the western forces within their own mythology and where they might have visibly adopted western practices - for example the establishment of Christianity - this was only made possible by assimilating it with their traditional customs. In addition to this, the nature of the indigenous cosmology greatly amplified the effects of capitalism on the islands - an encouraged revelry in overt excess had a detrimental effect on both the inhabitants and the environment of the islands. The old order is constantly present throughout the seismic shifts in Hawaiian life that follow the appearance of the 'Haole' - not always explicitly, but as Sahlins states (p35) 'the O'ahu order was present as a structural condition. In order to fully comprehend the author's assertion, it is important to consider his theoretical background and place his work in an intellectual context. Sahlins is considered a neo-structuralist. Structuralism is an intellectual
This report is about the need to upgrade the new computer systems for our company.
There is a need to acquire a new computer system to bring substantial benefits to the company in the modern business arena. Report To: Members of the Board of directors Introduction This report is about the need to upgrade the new computer systems for our company. It also discusses the advantages and the disadvantages of both the old system which is currently used by our company and the new system available at present. The aim is to bring substantial benefits to the company by using a new computer system which supports multiprogramming and virtual memory. This is because quality of our products and services are very poor when compare to other companies which are using new computer systems such as Multiprogramming and Virtual Memory. There are several disadvantages and constraints appear in our current system. And also the current system is now nearly out of date and may fail to work properly. The maintenance cost is increasing and the quality of service which the system provides are decreasing. For these reasons it is time to analyze the current system and to introduce the new system very soon. The current system (Single User Batch System) The current system is using old technology called the batch system. It is used by several years all over the industrial countries and was very famous. Its growth brought many changes in the industrial world and human's
Design of HCI
Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 2 Method 4 Design 5 Experimental Participants 5 Materials 6 Procedures 7 Results 14 Discussion 16 Conclusion 19 Bibliography 20 Abstract Over the last decade the multi-disciplinary approach of H.C.I. to interface design has seen major innovations in the technical design of graphical user interfaces. This raising of H.C.I. to a central player in software application and design, has allowed the user to issue commands by simply selecting from a number of display icons or buttons. As such, this methodological approach has lead to reduced learning, reduced keystroke time and structured interface decision-making. The following project will apply H.C.I. techniques to a VCR interface and evaluate this process through a number of H.C.I. guidelines. This approach will focus on keeping the user interface clean and simple, with the novice user being the targeted market. Finally, a hypothesis will be used to test the validity of the overall project. Introduction The technological advances in software development over the last two decades have seen a number of significant improvements in the technical design of graphic user interfaces. These developments have been accompanied by the rise of the discipline of Human Computer Interaction, which draws on a number of different analytical approaches. Writing on this phenomena Macaulay
3SFE518 Computer System Organisation - Piping
Coursework for: Computer System Organisation 3SFE518 Malshani Nanayakkara 2007020 CONTENTS Introduction - About the Piping 3 Program Listing 4 Screenshots 7 ABOUT THE PIPING In order to be able to communicate between two terminals, pipes have been used. As pipes are FIFO structure (First In First Out), it is well suited to be used for such an application. Two pipes are created, one used to define a communication channel from the server terminal to the client and the other to define a communication channel from the client terminal to the server terminal. Lets call these two pipes, np1 and np2, where np1 is the connection from the client to the server. In the program running on the server terminal, the pipe np1 is opened in the read only mode. Thereby, allowing it to read the information being sent by the client terminal. In the program running on the client terminal, the pipe np2 is opened in the read only mode so the information being written by the server can be read by the client. Whenever the information from the pipe is being read, it is temporarily stored in a buffer before being printed out on the screen. PROGRAM LISTING fullduplex.h //Reference: http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/named_pipes.html #define NP1 "/tmp/np1" #define NP2 "/tmp/np2" #define MAX_BUF_SIZE 255 server.c //Reference :
Investigating Seed Germination.
Investigating Seed Germination. Results Table of Results TEMP. (?c) PERCENTAGE GERMINATED GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 3 GROUP 4 GROUP 5 MEAN -10 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 4 8 4 2 6 0 8.0 22 80 00 74 86 00 88.0 30 60 74 8 96 94 81.0 40 0 6 0 0 2 5.6 CONTROL 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 NB. Numbers in bold italics are anomalous. They have not been included in the mean. ==> TEMP. (?c) MEAN PERCENTAGE GERMINATED -10 0.0 4 8.0 22 88.0 30 81.0 40 5.6 CONTROL 0.0 These results can now be used to perform statistical analysis and to plot a graph. Analysis To determine whether temperature has had an effect I shall use the Chi-Squared (?2) Test for Goodness of Fit. The Chi-Squared Test is used to determine whether the actual results of the experiment confirm the null hypothesis stated. For this investigation, the null hypothesis would be; 'temperature has no effect on the percentage of seeds that germinate' Whereas the alternative hypothesis would be; 'temperature does have an effect on the percentage of seeds that germinate' We will now determine whether the results fit the null hypothesis: The following results were obtained: -10?c 4?c 22?c 30?c 40?c % Germinated 0.0 8.0 88.0 81.0 5.6 By using these results we can determine the expected frequencies if the null hypothesis is correct: ==> Total percentage of seeds that germinate /
The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of Cisco Systems primary business strategies and its utilization of information technologies to achieve a competitive advantage in the network equipment industry.
Cisco Systems Networking the Internet Revolution Brandi Martin [email protected] Table of Contents Paper Objective Section 1: The Network Equipment Industry A. Industry Profile B. Competitive Strategies within the Industry C. Porter Model Evaluation of Industry Forces D. Globalization of the Industry E. Importance of Information Technology to the Industry Section II: Company Perspective: An Analysis of Cisco Systems A. Cisco Company Profile B. Market and Financial Performance C. The Competitive Strategy D. Significance of Information Technologies E. Strengths and Weaknesses of Cisco Section III: A. Strategic Option Generator B. Roles, Roles and Relationships C. Redefine/Define D. Significance of Telecommunications E. Success Factor Profile Section IV: A Final Analysis of the Success of Cisco Systems A. Success of Business Strategy and Information Technology Use to Date B. The Effective Position of Cisco for the Future Objective of Paper The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of Cisco System's primary business strategies and its utilization of information technologies to achieve a competitive advantage in the network equipment industry. The paper is divided into four sections, starting with a broad industry analysis, then narrowing to concentrate on Cisco Systems Inc., followed by an analysis of their use of information technology. The
IP network design
Network Design Purpose 4 .1 Scope 4 .2 Target Audience 5 .3 Strategic Issues 5 .4 Summary of Responsibilities 6 .5 National Education Network 8 .6 Interoperability and Standards 8 2 Network Design 9 2.1 Transmission Technologies 9 2.2 IP Addressing 15 2.3 Network Address Translation 17 2.4 Wide Area Network Topologies 18 2.5 Routed or Switched Backbone 19 2.6 Schools' Local Network Considerations 20 2.7 Separation of Administrative and Teaching Traffic 22 2.8 Network Security 22 3 Router Management 23 3.1 Edge Equipment 23 3.2 Router Security Policies 23 3.3 Firewall Features 23 3.4 Remote Management 24 3.5 Interface to the National Interconnect 24 4 Provision of Network Services 24 4.1 Domain Name System (DNS) 25 4.2 E-Mail 28 4.3 Web Services 29 4.4 External Access 30 4.5 Location of Network Services 31 4.6 Disaster Recovery 31 5 Support Services 32 5.1 Technical Support 32 5.2 Network Monitoring 33 5.3 Information Dissemination and Staff Development 34 6 Advanced and Emerging Technologies 35 6.1 IPv6 35 6.2 IP Multicast 35 6.3 IP Quality of Service (QoS) 36 7 References 37 Appendix A: Network Topology Discussion 39 Appendix B: Glossary 44 Purpose School networks are complex and serve a rapidly developing set of educational requirements, some of which challenge the technology and its security, implemented within limited budgets.
Case Analysis: Forecasting Food and Beverage Sales
CASE ANALYSIS: FORECASTING FOOD AND BEVERAGE SALES Suzanne Michelle Gager QNT 531: Advanced Problems in Statistics and Research Methods Terrance C. Feravich March 20, 2006 Case Analysis: Forecasting Food and Beverage Sales Problem Definition The Vintage Restaurant is on Captiva Island, a resort community near Fort Myers, Florida. The restaurant, which is owned and operated by Karen Payne, has just completed its third year of operation. During that time, Karen has sought to establish a reputation for the restaurant as a high-quality dining establishment that specializes in fresh seafood. The efforts of Karen and her staff have proven successful, and her restaurant has become one of the best and fastest-growing restaurants on the island. Karen has concluded that to plan for the growth of the restaurant in the future, she needs to develop a system that will enable her to forecast food and beverage sales by month for up to one year in advance. Karen has the following data ($1000s) on total food and beverage sales for the three years of operation. Lost Beverage and Food Sales Case Vintage Restaurant Sales MONTH First Year Second Year Third Year January 242 263 282 February 235 238 255 March 232 247 265 April 78 93 205 May 84 93 210 June 40 49 60 July 45 57 66 August 52 61 74 September 10 22 26 October 30 30 48 November 52
Interview and survey: an evaluation and contrast of these two approaches to data collection In this essay I shall be evaluating and contrasting the interview and survey approach to data collection
Interview and survey: an evaluation and contrast of these two approaches to data collection In this essay I shall be evaluating and contrasting the interview and survey approach to data collection. I shall describe each method and the circumstances in which they would be used, and look at the strengths and weakness of each method by referring to two examples of research where each method has been utilised. Interviews and surveys can take many forms and the research approach will often determine which type is used. Some researchers such as Fontana and Frey (1994) view a survey as just another form of interview, where interviews fall into three main categories; structured, semi-structured and unstructured, of which the structured is type is a survey interview. For the purpose of this essay, I shall be treating a structured interview as a survey and the semi and unstructured as interviews. A survey is where a pre-determined set of questions is asked with a range of possible answers. Although a survey is commonly paper based, requiring the recipient to fill in the answers without the need to discuss with an interviewer, they can also be used over the telephone and in a face-to-face situation. Surveys of this type are often used for market research purposes. When used in face-to-face or telephone situations, one of the advantages is that the person asking the
