Laser safety. Due to an advance in technology and intelligence in the medical world, a number of better and more efficient treatments have been developed, and among these are the light based treatments that are now being used to treat a wide range of cli
Running head: LASER SAFETY AND LIGHT BASED TREATMENTS Laser safety and light based treatments Name: Course: Professor: Date: Introduction Due to an advance in technology and intelligence in the medical world, a number of better and more efficient treatments have been developed, and among these are the light based treatments that are now being used to treat a wide range of clinical conditions. The light based treatments use laser beams. Laser which basically means Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation works by emitting a powerful beam of light which travels in a specific direction (Silvfast, 2004). This beam is able cut through and seal skin tissue as well as blood vessels. The laser has the capability of producing a certain colour of light also known as the wavelength, which tends to vary in strength (Hecht, 1999).This paper will provide information on the different types of lasers, their general use as well as their wavelengths. It will also identify the hazards that may arise due to laser use, and also provide viable information on their safe use, storage and maintenance in the clinic. It is important to note that high power lasers are dangerous, due to their potential to burn important body parts and probably inhibit their functioning (Nouri, 2011). In order to minimize the risks of harm, a number of classes are specified. These classes are
WHAT IS CVD, WHAT INCREASES THE RISK OF CVD AND WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE NON-SURGICAL TREATMENTS?
WHAT IS CVD, WHAT INCREASES THE RISK OF CVD AND WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE NON-SURGICAL TREATMENTS? A cardiovascular disease(CVD) is a disease of the heart and blood vessels, including coronary heart disease, angina, myocardial infarction, thrombosis and strokes. The common factor between a majority of cardiovascular diseases is the process called atherosclerosis, which is the hardening, thickening and loss of elasticity of blood vessel walls; this is the build-up of plaque on the inside of arteries. Fat deposits called atheromas build up under the endothelium of the artery walls from low density lipoproteins. Collagen fibres may also be laid down with the fat, forming irregular raised patches which narrows the lumen of the artery and inhibits the flow of blood along the artery[1] figure 1[2]. Connective tissue is then formed over the developing plaque which is then hardened by the deposition of calcium salts[1]. Blood is an important transport medium for carrying oxygen to the heart. The narrowing of the artery means there is not enough oxygen reaching the heart, and the heart may respond to this with a chest pain called angina. Further narrowing of the lumen of the artery can completely cut off the blood flow to the heart, depriving it of oxygen which can then lead to tissue necrosis[1]. This death of an area of the heart muscle weakens the heart
Obsessive compulsive disorder (also known as OCD) is characterised by high anxiety. During this disorder individuals often have both obsessions and compulsions; resulting to a significant interference with everyday life
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder We all have mild obsessions; they may be anything from superstitions, for example not walking under ladders, to something as simple as bedtime stories or religious practices. The difference between these mild obsessions and to someone with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is very simple: the huge intensity of the thoughts, the difficulty stopping them and the compulsions that sit along side them. Obsessive compulsive disorder (also known as OCD) is characterised by high anxiety. During this disorder individuals often have both obsessions and compulsions; resulting to a significant interference with everyday life. Both males and females are affected by OCD, which according to the NHS 'affects approximately 2% of the population'. Though symptoms for OCD regularly begin during the early adulthood, it is not uncommon for young children to develop the condition. The exact cause of OCSD is unknown, doctors believe there are many factors that contribute to this disorder. Symptoms are very varied with OCD. The most common symptoms include; excessive cleaning, a constant checking of things and a feeling of having to do this a certain amount of times. Signs and Symptoms Obsessions The foundation for OCD explains obsessions to be 'thoughts images or impulses that occur over and over again and feel out of our control'. Obsessions are usually
Nic otine replacement treatment (NRT) - smoking cessation program.
Nic otine replacement treatment (NRT) - smoking cessation program. How it works: NRT lessens the nicotine withdrawal and the cravings by supplying the body with nicotine without out the carcinogens, tar or toxic gases that cigarettes contain. People often become addicted to the nicotine because it increases certain chemical levels such as dopamine and norepinephrine in their brains. After quitting from smoking, the levels of these chemicals drop and the bodies react by having nicotine withdrawal symptoms. NRT increases the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine just like nicotine does. If the NRT doses are taken as directed, the chemical levels in the brain are kept at a constant level so withdrawal symptoms will be reduced when a person stops smoking. The nicotine replacement therapy types include nicotine patches, nicotine gum, lozenges, inhalers, tablets and nicotine nasal spray. When a smoker has a cigarette, the nicotine in the smoke moves quickly across the tissues in their lungs and then into the bloodstream. Nicotine patches The nicotine patches are an effective way of releasing nicotine into the bloodstream via the skin. These patches are attached to the upper body; they slowly release the nicotine which is absorbed through the skin. The patches are available in three strengths, designed with the main aim to gradually decrease the smoker's addiction to the
Choose three congenital abnormalities of the urinary system. Describe their symptoms, how they are thought to arise, and how they are treated.
Essay 3: Choose three congenital abnormalities of the urinary system. Describe their symptoms, how they are thought to arise, and how they are treated. The formation of the urinary system is a very complicated process that occurs in several stages through foetal development. A congenital abnormality is an abnormality that develops before birth. Such abnormalities can effect any aspect of the urinary system, from the kidneys and ureters to the bladder and ducts to the exterior of the body. Some abnormalities are asymptomatic and only discovered by chance. However, there are several that are serious and need to be dealt with. Examples of these include hypospadias, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and ureteropelvic junction obstruction, each of which will be discussed in greater detail. Hypospadias: This congenital abnormality affects 1 in 300 male births, and has three main features. The first is that the opening of the urethra is on the ventral side of the penis. There are different classifications of hypospadias depending on how far along the urethra the opening is: Site of opening of urethra Classification of hypospadias Glans of the penis Glandular hypospadias Junction of glans and shaft of the penis Coronal hypospadias Shaft of the penis Penile hypospadias The table highlights the common forms of hypospadias, the most common form being
Euthanasia is unacceptable. Do you agree? Thesis statement: A lot of people think physicianassisted death or euthanasia should be an option available to a patient; however, others strongly believe that due to many reasons it must not be accepted by so
Essay question: Euthanasia is unacceptable. Do you agree? Outline I. Introduction Thesis statement: A lot of people think physician-assisted death or euthanasia should be an option available to a patient; however, others strongly believe that due to many reasons it must not be accepted by society. II. Body A. Firstly, there are moral and ethical questions concerning euthanasia. . Sacredness of human life 2. Hippocratic Oath 3. Responsibility for deprivation of life B. Secondly, medical factor plays an efficient role in the decision of ending the life. . Probability of doctor's mistake 2. Cases of recovery 3. Insensible judgements C. Finally, religious aspect is also important. . God's will 2. Value of suffering D. However, proponents of euthanasia have arguments that can prove the sufficient side of the issue. . Way to relief 2. Freedom of choice III. Conclusion In conclusion, while the supporters insist on permitting euthanasia, opponents are convinced that it should be forbidden. Euthanasia is unacceptable Is euthanasia a "Death with dignity bill" or an "Assisted suicide"? (Robinson, 2004, p.1). This question is still raised among those who support and who are against euthanasia. The word itself came from the Greek language with the meaning "good death", but for the first time the term "euthanasia" was offered by the English philosopher Francis Bacon
Cholera, tuberculosis, AIDS and malaria are the world's largest killers. Compare the diseases with regard to epidemiology, social problems and the role of drugs
Joshua Randell Biology 27/4/04 Cholera, tuberculosis, AIDS and malaria are the world's largest killers. Compare the diseases with regard to epidemiology, social problems and the role of drugs Epidemiological differences Disease Cholera Malaria AIDS Tuberculosis Pathogen Vibrio Cholerae Plasmodium Falciparum (usually for human malaria) HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (in humans) Methods of transmission Food or water borne. Passed on in contaminated, untreated foodstuffs Insect vector: female anopheles mosquito In semen and vaginal fluids during sexual intercourse, infected blood or blood products, contaminated hypodermic syringes, across placenta, through breast milk Airborne droplets, via unpasteurised milk Global distribution Asia, Africa, Latin America Tropical and sub-Tropical areas Worldwide, particularly in southern Africa and SE Asia Worldwide Incubation Period - 5 days A week to a year Initial incubation a few weeks, but up to ten years or more before AIDS symptoms may develop Few weeks or months Site of action of pathogen Wall of small intestine Liver, red blood cells, brain T helper lymphocytes, macrophages, brain cells Primary infection in lungs; secondary infections in lymph nodes, bones and gut Clinical features Severe diarrhoea, like rice water. Loss of water and salts, dehydration and
Iron Acquisition In Disease: Anything You Can Do I Can Do Better
Anything You Can Do, I Can Do Better For the most part, the commensal bacteria, and the humans on which they live, live in a balanced symbiotic relationship. However, the bacteria may, if the circumstances are right, take the form of opportunistic pathogens e.g. a minor number of Escherichia coli strains are the common causes of urinary tract infections, which can develop further to septicaemia if not treated adequately (Ron 2010). Another opportunistic pathogenic commensal is Staphylococcus aureus, which may also cause a systemic infection if it breaches the normal colonisation sites (Stauff, Bagaley et al. 2008). In order for such opportunists to be successful in causing systemic infection, they must fulfil 2 requirements: 1) they must be able to survive in the serum, which is full of bactericidals such as immune cells and the complement proteins, and 2) they must be effective at gaining nutrients, particularly iron, from the host (Ron 2010, Stauff, Bagaley et al. 2008, Anzaldi, Skaar 2010). Failure to perform these 2 tasks almost invariably denotes a failure in the bacterium's ability to systemically infect and survive. Iron is essential for literally all organisms, for metalloenzyme use, and Fe-S clusters in redox and metabolism, in protection against oxidative stress, and also in immunity by promoting T cell clonal proliferation, and ROS production in phagocytes for
Schizophrenia is an internal disease caused by fundamental organizational differences in the brain, and is triggered by drug use, stress, and one's environment, thus making it difficult to diagnose.
ABSTRACT Though the dysfunction of central dopamine system has been proposed, the pathogenesis of schizophrenia is still uncertain partly due to limited accessibility to dopamine receptor. Many studies in humans documented that appropriate stimulation of dopamine D1 receptors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is critical for working memory processing, attention span, perseverance, planning, judgment, impulse control, organization, self-monitoring and supervision. It also is responsible for problem solving, critical thinking, forward thinking, learning from experiences and mistakes, ability to feel and express emotions, influences the limbic system, empathy and internal supervision . The dopamine hypothesis that occurs in patients with schizophrenia is a core feature of this illness. Imagine for the moment that your daughter just left for college and you hear voices inside your head shouting, "You'll never see her again, you have been a bad mother, she'll die." Or, what if you saw dinosaurs on the street and live animals in your refrigerator? These are actually experiences that have plagued Mrs. X for almost three decades. Mrs. X suffers the disorder known as schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is an internal disease caused by fundamental organizational differences in the brain, and is triggered by drug use, stress, and one's environment, thus making it difficult to
Crohn's disease
Introduction A 17 year old woman, born and raised in Russia, was admitted to the hospital with a 5 month history of bloody diarrhoea, weight loss of 9 kg, weakness, anorexia, low grade fever and episodes of pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant. There was no family history of inflammatory bowel disease or colon cancer. Physical examination revealed mild abdominal tenderness, mostly confined to the right lower quadrant. The laboratory tests showed a mild anaemia of 10.5 haemoglobin (normal is11.5 to 15.5 g/dl), a serum ferritin of 8.75 (normal is12-237 ng/ml) and a serum folate of 4.9 ng/ml (normal is 5.3-14.4 ng/ml). Stool samples were negative for infectious organisms. A pregnancy test was also negative. The health care professional suspected that Crohn's disease was the cause of the symptoms and further investigations to confirm diagnosis was suggested. This report will discuss the pathway of the patient undergoing various diagnostic imaging investigations in the initial diagnosis of Crohn's disease. What is Crohn's Disease? Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease affecting any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus frequently leading to discontinuous inflammation, bowel strictures, ileus and fistulas (Podolsky, 2002). About 31,000 people in England and 1,800 in Wales have Crohn's disease and there are about 2,650 new cases each