Insolation refers to the deposition of radiant energy as heat into an absorbing body. Discuss
Insolation refers to the deposition of radiant energy as heat into an absorbing body. If the body is a planet, first obtain the declination of the Sun as seen from a pole of a planet, use equatorial coordinates. Let a planet have obliquity and the Sun have longitude and right ascension as viewed from the planet. From celestial to equatorial coordinate transformation, (1) where is the Sun 's declination. In general, the longitude of the sun will not be zero at the vernal equinox , but will be offset by an angle . perihelion for the earth, for example, occurs in January, while the vernal equinox is not until March. So it must be remembered that (2) We need to find the normal component of radiation at the north pole. But this flux will be simply (3) since the angular altitude of the Sun from the horizon is given by . Using (4) and plugging (4) into (1) and (4) gives (5) Now, we are interested in finding the average of this flux over a full orbit. If the orbit is eccentric, the time required to travel an orbital distance is not constant, but related to dt according to (6) (7) From (2), (8) which makes physical sense, since dt depends not on how the zero point for angular position is chosen, but on what the orbital distance is at the relevant position (the dependence). Equation (7) therefore becomes (9) To find the time-average flux, simply take (10)
Synthetic routes State the Reagents required and conditions for each route / flow chart given
Synthetic routes State the Reagents required and conditions for each route / flow chart
The effects of global warming and a changing climate will not be felt equally across our planet.
International Impacts The effects of global warming and a changing climate will not be felt equally across our planet. Regional climate changes will likely be very different from changes in the global average. Differences from region to region could be in both the magnitude and rate of climate change. Furthermore, not all things, whether they be natural ecosystems or human settlements, are equally sensitive to changes in climate. And finally, nations (and indeed regions within nations) vary in their ability to cope and adapt to global warming and a changing climate. With that said, some nations will likely experience more adverse effects than others, while other nations may benefit more than others. Poorer nations are generally more vulnerable to the consequences of global warming. These nations tend to be more dependent on climate-sensitive sectors, such as subsistence agriculture, and lack the resources to buffer themselves against the changes that global warming may bring. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has identified Africa as "the continent most vulnerable to the impacts of projected changes because widespread poverty limits adaptation
Plan an experiment to compare the water potentials (Ø) of beetroot, potato and turnip.
Mark Acquaye 87 Brookscroft Road Walthamstow E17 4JP 7 May, 2007 The Editor Waltham Forest Guardian 34 Highams Park E4 5QW Dear Sir or Madam: I am writiting this letter to discuss the rersu Sincerely, ? Page 2 May 7,
