Using the desistance literature and recent research findings, explore how resettlement of prisoners could be improved and lead to more effective reintegration on release.
Using the desistance literature and recent research findings, explore how resettlement of prisoners could be improved and lead to more effective reintegration on release. This essay will give a brief developmental and historical overview of the history of prisons. As the main focus of the essay it will examine relevant literature with regards to resettlement and explore how prisoner's reintegration into society can be more successful. This will include examining current issues within the Prison Service, Probation and relevant key agencies whom all play a part in terms of resettlement of prisoners. The roots of prison began in mercantilism and was promoted and elaborated by the task of enlightenment Matthews(1999). Matthews (1999) explained that enlightenment thinkers believed that prison could reform individual offenders and help to improve society. Prison would also deprive offenders of their liberty and be a reminder to the rest of society of the consequences they may face if they did not conform. Modern prisons originated in workhouses, at this time prisons, asylums and hospitals were not distinct from one another. During the eighteenth century this began to change and deprivation of liberty appeared to be the best way of dealing with offenders. Prisons were viewed as a way of training prisoners to conform and the idea of reforming prisoners in the community was
Victimology. Domestic Violence
A greater understanding of the impact of victimisation has indicated the need for services and support for victims of crime'. Choose ONE specific offence (e.g., rape, domestic violence, stalking, etc;) and critically discuss the services and support available to the victims from both statutory and voluntary agencies, including any relevant initiatives and legislation. Your argument should also demonstrate an understanding of the relevant theoretical perspectives that have informed the development of these policies. In contemporary victimology there exist two conflicting views of intimate partner violence. The first theoretical perspective comes from feminist commentators such as Dobash & Dobash, (1992; 2000), who view gender as the most salient factor in explaining intimate partner violence. This view conceptualises the gendered nature of domestic violence as a violence predominately perpetrated by men against women. The second perspective is advocated by family conflict researchers such as Strauss and Gelles, (1986), and Strauss (1993). The assumptions of family conflict theorist are that conflict is an inevitable part of all human interactions including the family. These different perspectives have produced contradictory findings on the extent and character of domestic abuse. This essay will firstly examine the gendered conceptualisation of domestic violence as
How did the 'What Works?' movement and the ways in which EBP was developed contribute to its strengths and weaknesses as an approach to probation practice?
How did the 'What Works?' movement and the ways in which EBP was developed contribute to its strengths and weaknesses as an approach to probation practice? This essay will give a brief developmental and historical overview of the history of the 'What Works' movement and Evidence Based Practice (EBP). It will then assess how this has contributed to the strengths and weaknesses of Probation practice as a modus operandi. Finally it will give some recommendations which could address the current weaknesses and build on the highlighted strengths. From 1976 until the late 1990s, with very few exceptions, no government research was carried into the effectiveness of probation services in Britain and whether the methods used by Probation officers in supervising offenders were actually likely to reduce offending. In Britain (more than in several other countries) there was an official acceptance, particularly in the Home Office, of the conclusions of certain American and British research reviews (such as Martison (1974) and Brody (1976)) which were presented as proving that 'nothing works' in terms of the rehabilitation of offenders. Such conclusions were exaggerated and were not an accurate summary of the research they reviewed. However it was believed that further research on the effectiveness of probation would not be a good investment. This feeling was confirmed by Britain's own
Criminology. Its not enough to condemn crime we need to understand the causes.
"It is not enough to condemn crime we need to understand its causes." Critically analyse this statement from the perspective of right wing criminologist and one other criminological theory. Criminological theory is not constructed in a vacuum. The historical developments in criminology are inextricably entwined with the profound shifts in the social, political and the cultural climate of the past four decades. Tierney (1996, p.218) aptly cites Garland (1985) who points this out when he refers to the distinction of a disciplines internal and external history. The basic tenet is that criminological knowledge is influenced and connected to the broader social, political, cultural and economic ideologies of the time. In order to critically analyse the statement it is necessary to consider the broader political context. This essay will situate the reader by outlining the post-war philosophies of the welfare correctionalist perspective. We will examine the political backdrop to the shift in criminological thinking that occurred in the late 1970's which influenced the revival of neo-classical, right-wing criminological thinking. We will then contrast this with left-wing, or a critical perspective. We will conclude by bringing the debate up to date by examining the recent crime policies of New Labour. But first it is necessary to offer a definition of right-wing and left-wing
Assess the character and causes of youth offending.
In relation to the above question, I will first try to establish when youth starts and where it ends and what are the possible causes that make youths to go out and commit crimes. What will also need to be looked at will be the purpose behind these criminal acts. My essay will consist of references from the Offending, Crime and Justice Survey, the British Crime Survey along with police reports. To answer my question I will be looking at four main points that I believe are the main causes behind juvenile crime, I will be looking at family issues, poverty, environment and the media and how they have affected youths in committing delinquency. When people think of youths, several images come to mind and typically these are exceptionally negative. Youth is expected to be at a time of deviance, disruption and wickedness. When youths commit delinquency, they are characteristically fulfilling negative stereotypes regarding themselves. They are seen as violent good-for-nothing individuals who totally take no notice of rules and authority. It is exactly right to say that a huge proportion of crime can be recognised to be committed by young offenders, however, there are crimes committed within almost every age group and yet it is young offenders which are still in particular under attack for being the atrocious individuals in society. In accordance to the Offending, Crime and Justice
The Aim of Criminology is to Speak Truth to Power
The Aim of criminology is to speak truth to power' Debate the extent to which criminology is able to achieve this. "Truth is to be understood as a system of ordered procedures for the production, regulation, distribution, circulation, and operation of statements. Truth is linked in a circular relation with systems of power that produce and sustain it - a regime of truth. This regime of truth is not merely ideological or superstructural; it was a condition of the formation of capitalism. The problem is not changing people's consciousness - or what is in their heads - but the political economic, institutional regime of the production of truth...but of detaching the power of truth from the forms of hegemony, social, political, economic and cultural, within which it operates at the present time. (Foucault, cited in Faubion, 2000, p.132). In order to debate the extent to which criminological knowledge is able to speak truth to power, it is first necessary to deconstruct the interrelated concepts of knowledge, truth and power. A useful starting point would be to determine a basic definition of criminological knowledge. Garland (1994, p.27) describes academic criminology as "...a body of accredited and systematically transmitted forms of knowledge, approved procedures and techniques of investigation..." and that these forms of knowledge operate within particular institutional
Examine the Distinction between Liberal and Authoritarian Police Forces
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Surname DISTINCTION BETWEEN LIBERAL AND AUTHORITARIAN POLICE FORCE. By (Name) Course Professor University Date The Police force in England and the USA was invented roughly between the years 1825 to 1865 so as to counter the rise in crime rates during that period. In addition to plummeting crime rates, the elites used the police force to act in instances of collective actions such as defiant crowds and riots. In the contemporary society, police force and policing play a critical role in post-conflict development. The duty of police officers is to enforce the laws of the society as well as ensure citizens and property are safe. Police are also used in reconciliation process as well as ensuring that they manage conflict in such a way that chances of reoccurrence are minimal. Criminologists and international relation experts divide policing into two major sections i.e. the authoritarian police force and the liberal police force. It is, therefore, imperative to note that international relationship experts define liberal police force as composed of police officers that are non-conservative people that foster equality and liberty, they have personal beliefs that the government should be proactive in supporting social and political changes whereas some international relation analysts describe authoritarian police force as those police
THE PRACTICES OF WHITE COLLAR CRIME ARE DISTINCT FROM OTHER FORMS OF CRIMINALITY. DISCUSS
The Practices of White-Collar Crime are Distinct From Other Forms of Criminality. Discuss. Two areas of crime which, to date, have had little media coverage and which are not topics that most people think of when they consider what is crime, are white-collar and corporate crime. Today both have a well-established place in criminology text books, but until the late 1980s the former was not something generally recognised or rapidly perceived by the general public to be criminal in the United Kingdom (Williams 2004:55). But this assignment will only be talking and concentrating on the practices of white collar crime. White-collar crime is generally associated with wealth and powerful offenders, and a series of recent high profile cases such as the collapse of Baring's bank and the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI), along with the Maxwell pension's fraud, have prompted suggestions that it, too, is rising. These major cases are only the tip on the iceberg as crime committed at work ranges from the 'fiddles' of employees at all levels of employment to multi-million pound financial frauds. (Croall 1998:269) What is white-collar crime? Edwin H. Sutherland was the first to bring this topic to the forefront of criminological study. His work in this area is still the best known and continues to be both highly
"If one accepts that it is through close conditioning that a women learns to conform, and that it is this close supervision w
"If one accepts that it is through close conditioning that a women learns to conform, and that it is this close supervision which prevents criminality, then any lessening of the control would lead to increased criminality" (Williams 2004, pp. 469-70) Introduction In a direct response to the quotation, the essay will attempt to identify a possible causal link between the development of the modern 'women's movement' and an assumed increase in female criminality. The discourse and debates within the discipline will be evaluated to determine if there has been an increased female criminality since the 1960's. The assessment will further be improved by analogy of criminal statistics prior and post manumission and collate those findings to current statistical data. Other suggested alternative explanations, social forces such as 'marginalisation' and the possible changing attitudes of law enforcement agencies in regards to the processing of female offenders will also be considered. In regards to the ensuing impact of a feminist critique, the creation of various strands of feminist theory will be outlined and defined within the appendix because of the wordage constraint. 'Malestream' Criminology Historically, to a large extent, Criminology through facilitation of its meta- narratives has been perceived as failing to provide valid explanations and empirical research in relation to
Criminal Psychology: Rehabilitating Offenders are there better methods to achieve this?
Criminal Psychology: Rehabilitating Offenders - are there better methods to achieve this? The author intends to describe token economy programmes as a rehabilitation package, describe anger management as a therapy including CALM as a current model of anger management and finally conclude by comparing both economy and anger management programmes as they are used to treat offenders, in terms of the principles on which they are based, their effectiveness and impact upon recidivism. Token Economy The principles of learning have not only been applied in the laboratory but have also been applied in many real-life settings, such as classrooms, mental hospitals and prisons; the use of operant conditioning in such real-world settings is called behavioural modification (Ewan Williams 2010). Many behaviour modification programmes rely on a technique called the token economy, in which desirable behaviour, such as co-operation and compliance, is reinforced by the use of tokens. These tokens have no intrinsic value but can be changed for primary reinforcers, when used in prisons most of the programmes also involve negative reinforcement, the removal of something unpleasant, and punishment, the implementation of something unpleasant, in order to reduce undesirable behaviour such as non-compliance and aggression. Tokens may be exchanged for privileges such as watching television or